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NTR1010 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a vitamin?

A

An essential, noncaloric, organic nutrient needed in tiny amounts in the diet.

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2
Q

What are the two classes of vitamins?

A

Water soluble and fat soluble.

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3
Q

List the fat soluble vitamins.

A

A, D, E, K.

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4
Q

List the water soluble vitamins.

A

Vitamin B: Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Folate (B9), cobalamin (B12), pyridoxine (B6), Biotin, Pantothenic Acid, and Vitamin C.

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5
Q

What are precursors?

A

Compounds that serve as starting material for other compounds and can be converted into active vitamins.

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6
Q

Where are water soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

Directly into the blood.

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7
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

In the lymph then into the blood.

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8
Q

Where are fat soluble vitamins found?

A

In the fats and oils of food.

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9
Q

What is beta-carotene?

A

An orange vegetable pigment and plant-derived precursor of Vitamin A.

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10
Q

What is retinol?

A

Active forms of vitamin A made from beta-carotene in animal and human bodies stored in the liver.

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11
Q

What is the role of vitamin A?

A

Genes, vision, maintenance of body linings and skin, immune defense, growth of the body, and normal development of cells.

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12
Q

What is keratinization?

A

The accumulation of the protein keratin.

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13
Q

What is xerosis?

A

Drying of the cornea; a symptom of vitamin A deficiency.

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14
Q

What is xerophthalmia?

A

Dry eyes.

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15
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

A cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function.

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16
Q

Which organizations work to eliminate global vitamin A deficiency?

A

The World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF).

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17
Q

What is the DRI for Vitamin A for men and women?

A

Men: 900 µg (micrograms), Women: 700 µg (micrograms).

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18
Q

What is the Vitamin A Tolerable Upper Intake Level in adults?

A

3000 µg daily.

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19
Q

What are symptoms of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness, corneal drying (xerosis), blindness (xerophthalmia), impaired growth, keratin lumps on the skin, and impaired immunity.

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20
Q

What precursor do orange fruits and vegetables derive their color from?

A

Beta-Carotene.

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21
Q

What are key antioxidant vitamins?

A

Beta-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C.

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22
Q

What is macular degeneration?

A

A common, progressive loss of function of the part of the retina that is most crucial to focused vision.

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23
Q

How is vitamin A activity for precursors measured?

A

Retinol activity equivalents (RAE).

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24
Q

What vitamins are crucial to bone health?

A

K, C, D.

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25
What minerals are crucial to bone health?
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride.
26
What is rickets?
The vitamin D deficiency in children characterized by abnormal growth of bone.
27
What is osteomalacia?
Vitamin D deficiency characterized by abnormal softening of bones in adults.
28
What is the most potentially toxic vitamin?
Vitamin D (raises blood calcium and damages soft tissues).
29
What is the DRI for Vitamin D?
Ages 70 and older: 15 µg daily; Ages under 70: 20 µg daily.
30
What is the Vitamin D UL?
100 µg or 4000 IU daily.
31
Among tuna, salmon, citrus fruits, and fortified milk, which would NOT be a good source of vitamin D?
Citrus fruits.
32
What is tocopherol?
The active form of vitamin E is alpha-tocopherol.
33
What are free radicals?
Atoms or molecules with one or more unpaired electrons that make the atom or molecule unstable and highly reactive.
34
What is oxidative stress?
Cell and tissue damage that arises when free radical reactions exceed the capacity of antioxidants to quench them.
35
What is erythrocyte hemolysis?
Rupture of the red blood cells that can be caused by vitamin E deficiency.
36
What are vitamin E rich foods?
Oils, salad dressings, seeds, and nuts.
37
What is the DRI for Vitamin E?
15 mg/day.
38
What is the UL for Vitamin E?
1000 mg/day.
39
What is the chief function of vitamin E?
Antioxidant (protects cell membranes, regulates oxidation reactions, protects polyunsaturated fatty acids).
40
What is the main function of Vitamin K?
Blood clotting.
41
What is warfarin?
An anticoagulant.
42
What is jaundice?
Yellowing of the skin due to spillover of the bile pigment bilirubin.
43
What is the DRI for Vitamin K?
Men: 120 µg/day, Women: 90 µg/day.
44
What are the richest plant food sources for vitamin K?
Dark green, leafy vegetables such as cooked spinach and other greens, 300 µg per serving.
45
What are symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
Hemorrhage; abnormal bone formation.
46
Which unhydrogenated oils are rich in vitamin K?
Canola and soybean oil.
47
What is the primary food source of vitamin E for Americans?
Vegetable oils.
48
Which of the fat-soluble vitamins was originally named tocopherol?
Vitamin E.
49
What is scurvy?
The vitamin C deficiency disease.
50
What is ascorbic acid?
One of the active forms of vitamin C.
51
What is the DRI for vitamin C?
Men: 90 mg/day, Women: 75 mg/day, Smokers: add 35 mg/day.
52
What is the UL for vitamin C?
2000 mg/day.
53
What are the functions of vitamin C?
- Collagen synthesis (strengthens blood vessel walls, forms scar tissue, provides a matrix for bone growth) - Antioxidant - Restores vitamin E to the active form - Supports the immune system - Boosts iron absorption.
54
What are symptoms of vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy (bleeding gums), fatigue, poor wound healing.
55
In high doses, Vitamin C is a:
Prooxidant.
56
Most of the symptoms of scurvy can be attributed to the breakdown of _________ in the absence of vitamin C.
Collagen.
57
Which vitamin increases iron absorption?
Vitamin C.
58
What is a coenzyme?
A small molecule that works with an enzyme to promote the enzyme's activity.
59
How do B vitamins function as helpers?
They help the body use carbohydrates, fat, and protein for energy.
60
What is the function of Vitamin B6?
Helps the body use amino acids to synthesize proteins.
61
What are the functions of folate and vitamin B12?
Cell replication.
62
How long do red blood cells live?
120 days (4 months).
63
How often do cells that line the digestive tract replace themselves?
Every 3 days.
64
In a B vitamin deficiency, every _____ is affected.
Cell.
65
What is Thiamin (Vitamin B1)?
A B vitamin involved in the body's use of fuels; critical role in the energy metabolism of all cells.
66
Which system is heavily dependent on thiamin?
Nervous system.
67
What is beriberi?
Thiamin-deficiency disease characterized by loss of sensation in limbs, muscle weakness, advancing paralysis, and abnormal heart action.
68
What is Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
A form of dementia arising from a deficiency of the vitamin thiamin in alcoholism.
69
What is the DRI for Thiamin?
Men: 1.2 mg/day, Women: 1.1 mg/day.
70
What is extrusion?
Processing techniques that transform grains, legumes, and other foods into fine particles that are cooked, shaped, colored, flavored, and often puffed.
71
True or false: One eight-ounce serving of canned orange juice provides most adults' daily need for vitamin C.
True.
72
What other vitamin may be lacking when thiamin is deficient?
Riboflavin.
73
What is a characteristic of Riboflavin?
Heat stable.
74
What is the DRI for riboflavin?
Men: 1.3 mg/day, Women: 1.1 mg/day.
75
What factors destroy riboflavin?
Ultraviolet light and irradiation.
76
What is pellagra?
The niacin-deficiency disease; symptoms include the '4 Ds': diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, & death.
77
What can be administered to cure pellagra?
Tryptophan.
78
What are niacin equivalents (NE)?
The amount of niacin present in food.
79
What is the DRI for Niacin?
Men: 16 mg/day, Women: 14 mg/day.
80
What is the UL for Niacin?
35 mg/day.
81
What is Folate (Vitamin B9)?
A B vitamin that acts as part of a coenzyme important in the manufacture of new cells.
82
What are the causes of folate deficiency?
Anemia, impaired immunity, and abnormal digestive function.
83
Which two B vitamins work together in creating red blood cells?
B9 (folate) and B12.
84
What is the function of Niacin (vitamin B3)?
Participates in the energy metabolism of every cell.
85
What is Riboflavin also known as?
Vitamin B2.
86
What are the chronic risks of folate deficiency?
Breast cancer (particularly among women who consume alcohol), prostate cancer, etc.
87
Which vitamin is most likely to interact with medications?
Folate (Vitamin B9).
88
What are neural tube defects (NTD)?
Abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord associated with low folate intake.
89
What is Folic Acid?
An absorbable synthetic form of folate.
90
What is the UL for folic acid?
1000 mcg/day.
91
What is the DRI for Folate?
400 mcg/day.
92
Which vegetables provide abundant folate?
Leafy green vegetables such as spinach and turnip greens, legumes, and asparagus.
93
What is Vitamin B12?
A B vitamin that helps to convert folate to its active form and also helps to maintain the sheath around nerve cells.
94
What are symptoms of vitamin D deficiency?
Damaged nerve sheaths, creeping paralysis, and general malfunctioning of nerves and muscles.
95
What is intrinsic factor?
A factor made by the stomach that is necessary for absorption of vitamin and prevention of pernicious anemia.
96
What is pernicious anemia?
The anemia of the vitamin deficiency caused by lack of intrinsic factor (large abnormal shape).
97
B12 vitamin is naturally supplied only by foods of _________ origin?
Animal.
98
What is Vitamin B6?
A B vitamin needed in protein metabolism. Its three active forms are pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine.
99
What are the functions of vitamin B6?
- Conversion of tryptophan to niacin. - Synthesis of hemoglobin and neurotransmitters. - Assists in releasing stored glucose from glycogen. - Immune function & hormone regulation.
100
What is the DRI for vitamin B6?
Adults (19-50 yr): 1.3 mg/day.
101
What is the UL for vitamin B6?
Adults: 100 mg/day.
102
What is Biotin (vitamin B7)?
A B vitamin; a coenzyme necessary for fat synthesis and other metabolic reactions.
103
What is pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)?
A B vitamin and part of a critical coenzyme needed in energy metabolism, among other roles.
104
What is Choline?
A conditionally essential nutrient used to make the phospholipid lecithin and other molecules.
105
What is carnitine (vitamin BT)?
A nonessential nutrient that functions in cellular activities.
106
List 3 nonvitamins.
Carnitine, inositol, and lipoic acid.
107
What has been prescribed in large doses to lower blood lipids?
Niacin.
108
Which vitamin supplement is known to cause malformations of a fetus?
Vitamin A
109
Which vitamin is mismatched with its deficiency?
vitamin D—pernicious anemia (the deficienty for vitamin D is rickets)
110
Most potentially toxic vitamin
Vitamin D
111
Without sufficient vitamin E, red blood cells in infants can rupture due to a condition called _________whereby the infant can become anemic.
erythrocyte hemolysis
112
Which food item has the highest amount of vitamin C?
½ cup sweet red pepper
113
What are the two vitamins that are abundant in leafy greens and citrus fruits?
folate & vitamin C
114
Rich source of Thiamin
Pork chop
115
True or false: Beta-carotene from food is not converted to retinol efficiently enough to cause vitamin A toxicity.
True
116
When reading the label on a vitamin supplement, which of the following terms would give you confidence to buy the product?
USP
117
One of the major functions of vitamin C is its __________ potential.
antioxidant

NTR1010 (8 decks)

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