Chapter 7

Question 1

Genetics

Answer 1

study of inheritance and inheritable traits as expressed in an organisms genetic material

Question 2

genome

Answer 2

entire genetic complement including genes and nucleotide sequences

Question 3

genes

Answer 3

specific sequences of nucleotides that code for polypeptides or RNA molecules

Question 4

nucleotides

Answer 4

nucleoside attached to a phosphate group

Question 5

nucleoside

Answer 5

pentose sugar attached to a nitrogenous base

Question 6

prokaryotic chromosomes

Answer 6

where prokaryotes package main portion of DNA, associated proteins and RNA

Question 7

prokaryote DNA molecule size, shape, location

Answer 7

haploid, circular molecule located in the nucleoid

Question 8

plasmids

Answer 8

small molecules of DNA that replicate independently of the chromosome that is not essential for growth, metabolism, or reproduction but can confer survival advantages

Question 9

types of plasmids

Answer 9

fertility, resistance, bacteriocin, and virulence factors

Question 10

fertility factors

Answer 10

carry instructions for conjugation, transferring genes from one bacterial cell to another

Question 11

resistance factors

Answer 11

carry resistance to one or more antimicrobial drugs or heavy metals

Question 12

bacteriocin factors

Answer 12

carry genes for proteinaceous toxins called bacteriocins which kill its competitors of the same or similar species

Question 13

virulence plasmids

Answer 13

carry instructions for structures, enzymes, or toxins that an able the bacterium to become pathogenic

Question 14

DNA replication

Answer 14

anabolic polymerization process that requires monomers and energy which triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides serve both functions

Question 15

Semiconservative

Answer 15

DNA replication is semiconservative meaning that each new DNA strand is composed of one original and one daughter strand

Question 16

examples of triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides

Answer 16

dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP

Question 17

examples of nucleotides

Answer 17

ATP, GTP, AMP, CMP, GMP, TMP, CTP

Question 18

genotype

Answer 18

set of genes in the genome

Question 19

phenotype

Answer 19

physical features and functional traits expressed by genes

Question 20

transcription

Answer 20

information in DNA is copied as RNA

Question 21

translation

Answer 21

polypeptides synthesized from RNA

Question 22

central dogma of genetics

Answer 22

DNA is transcribed to RNA, RNA is translated to form polypeptides

Question 23

direction of replication

Answer 23

5’ to 3’

Question 24

types of RNA transcribed from DNA

Answer 24

RNA primers, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

Question 25

three steps of transcription

Answer 25

initiation, elongation, termination

Question 26

names of DNA strands used in transcription

Answer 26

template and coding, template strand is used to code RNA

Question 27

initiation

Answer 27

RNA polymerase binds to promoter gene sequence

Question 28

elongation

Answer 28

add RNA nucleotides to template strand 5' - 3'; reads the gene

Question 29

termination

Answer 29

DNA strands bind back together after RNA has copied; when RNA polymerase meets termination it falls off

Question 30

translation

Answer 30

anabolic process where ribosomes use genetic information of nucleotide sequences to synthesize polypeptides

Question 31

primary structure

Answer 31

string amino acids in chain, peptide bonds

Question 32

secondary structure

Answer 32

helices and pleats, held by bonds (weak)

Question 33

participants in translation

Answer 33

mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, rRNA, amino acids

Question 34

operon

Answer 34

a promoter and a series of genes regulated together that may be regulated by an operator only found in prokaryotes

Question 35

inducible operon

Answer 35

always off, must be activated by inducers; lac operon is an example

Question 36

repressible operon

Answer 36

always on, always transcribed until deactivated by repressors, negative feedback loop; tryptophan operon is an example

Question 37

mutation

Answer 37

change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome, rare event and must be at the DNA level to be inherited

Question 38

types of mutations

Answer 38

point and frameshift mutations

Question 39

types of point mutations

Answer 39

silent, missense, nonsense; they are insertions, deletions, and substitutions that result in only one base pair being affected

Question 40

silent mutation

Answer 40

DNA change does not change amino acid

Question 41

nonsense mutation

Answer 41

inserts stop codon

Question 42

missense mutation

Answer 42

changes amino acid sequence

Question 43

frameshift mutations

Answer 43

insertions and deletions that misplace triplets

Question 44

mutagens

Answer 44

agents that bring about mutations

Question 45

types of mutagens

Answer 45

radiation and chemical

Question 46

types of chemical mutagens

Answer 46

nucleotide analogs, nucleotide-altering chemicals, and frameshift mutagens

Question 47

nucleotide analogs

Answer 47

looks like a regular nucleotide and disrupts DNA and RNA replication

Question 48

nucleotide-altering chemicals

Answer 48

change nucleotides resulting in base-pair substitutions and missense mutations

Question 49

pyrimidine dimer

Answer 49

adjacent pyrimidine bases covalently bond to each other distorting the sugar phosphate backbone and preventing proper replication

Question 50

genetic recombination

Answer 50

exchange of nucleotide sequences between two DNA molecules

Question 51

horizontal gene transfer

Answer 51

genes donated between two unrelated cells in same generation

Question 52

three types of horizontal gene transfer

Answer 52

transformation, transduction, conjugation

Question 53

genetic variability

Answer 53

mulitiple copies of the same gene and crossover during meiosis

Question 54

transformation

Answer 54

competent cells pick up DNA from environment and express it

Question 55

types of transduction

Answer 55

generalized and specialized

Question 56

generalized transduction

Answer 56

mediated by viruses, carries random DNA segment from donor to recipient

Question 57

specialized transduction

Answer 57

mediated by viruses, only certain donor DNA sequences are transferred

Question 58

bacterial conjugation

Answer 58

mediated if the cell has fertility (f) plasmid which codes for pili; F+ make F- cells F+

Question 59

Hfr

Answer 59

F+ inserts in the chromosome of F- and then F- will still be F- but have cool new genes