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Microbiology > Chapter 14-Infection > Flashcards

Chapter 14-Infection Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

symbiosis

A

to live together

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2
Q

types of symbiosis

A

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

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3
Q

mutualism

A

both members benefit

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4
Q

commensalism

A

one member benefits without affecting the other

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5
Q

parasitism

A

parasite benefits while host is harmed

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6
Q

normal microbiota

A

microbes that colonize the surfaces of the body without causing disease

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7
Q

types of normal microbiota

A

resident and transient

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8
Q

resident microbiota

A

remain as part of the host for life

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9
Q

transient microbiota

A

remain in the host for a certain amount of time before disappearing

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10
Q

opportunistic pathogens

A

normal microbiota may become harmful if the opportunity arises

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11
Q

conditions which create opportunities for microbiota to become pathogenic

A

normal microbiota in different site than usual; immune suppression; changes in number of normal microbiota

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12
Q

reservoirs of infection

A

sites where pathogens are maintained as a source of infection

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13
Q

types of reservoirs

A

animal reservoirs, human carriers, and nonliving reservoirs

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14
Q

animal reservoirs

A

zoonoses; spread from animal hosts to humans

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15
Q

human carriers

A

human source of infection

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16
Q

nonliving reservoirs

A

soil, water, and food

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17
Q

contamination

A

presence of microbes in or on the body

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18
Q

infection

A

microbes that overcome the body’s external defenses and invade the body

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19
Q

portals of entry

A

sites in which most pathogens enter the body

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20
Q

four portals of entry

A

skin, mucous membrane, placenta, parenteral route

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21
Q

adhesion

A

process by which microbes attach to cells using adhesion factors

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22
Q

adhesion factors

A

specialized structures or attachment proteins

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23
Q

ligands

A

enable them to bind to complementary receptors on host cells

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24
Q

avirulent

A

bacterial cells that have lost ability to make ligands, making them harmless

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25
disease
when an infection is significant enough to interfere with normal body function
26
morbidity
any change from state of health
27
symptoms
subjective characteristics of a disease felt by the patient alone
28
examples of symptoms
pain, headache, dizziness, and fatigue
29
signs
objective manifestations of disease that can be seen by others
30
examples of signs
swelling, rash, redness, and fever
31
syndrome
group of symptoms and signs that characterize a disease
32
asymptomatic
infections with no symptoms
33
congenital disease
diseases present at birth regardless of the cause
34
etiology
study of the cause of a disease
35
pathogenicity
ability of a microorganism to cause disease
36
virulence
degree of ability to cause disease
37
virulence factors
factors that interact with a host and enable the pathogen to enter a host
38
three virulence factors
extracellular enzymes, toxins, and antiphagocytic factors
39
extracellular enzymes
enzymes that enable them to dissolve structural chemicals in the body
40
four types of extracellular enzymes
hyaluronidase, collagenase, coagulase, kinases
41
hyaluronidase
digests hyaluronic acid that holds animal cells together
42
collagenase
breaks down collagen
43
coagulase
causes blood proteins to clot
44
kinases
digests blood clots
45
toxins
chemicals that harm or trigger host immune responses that cause damage
46
types of toxins
exotoxins and endotoxins
47
exotoxins
destroy host cells or interfere with host metabolism
48
types of exotoxins
cytotoxins, neurotoxins, and enterotoxins
49
cytotoxins
kill host cells in general or affect function
50
neurotoxins
interfere with nerve cell function
51
enterotoxins
affect cells lining the GI tract
52
antitoxins
protective molecules that bind to toxins and neutralize them in the body
53
toxoids
toxins treated to make them nontoxic but still capable of stimulating antibody productions
54
endotoxins
lipid A from lipopolysaccharide of Gram-
55
two types of antiphagocytic factors
capsules and antiphagocytic chemicals
56
antiphagocytic chemicals
chemicals produced by some bacteria that prevent fusion of lysosomes with phagocytic vesicles
57
incubation period
time between infection and first sign or symptom, depends on virulence factor
58
prodromal period
short time of generalized, mild symptoms that precedes illness
59
illness
most sever stage; signs and symptoms are most evident
60
decline
immune response and/or treatment fight off pathogen
61
convalescence
recovery from illness
62
modes of infectious disease transmission
contact transmission, vehicle transmission, and vector transmission
63
types of contact transmission
direct, indirect, and droplet
64
direct contact transmission
body contact between hosts
65
indirect contact transmission
pathogens are spread by fomites
66
fomites
inanimate objects that are used to transfer pathogens to hosts
67
droplet transmission
droplets of mucus that exit body during respiratory processes
68
types of vehicle transmission
airborne, waterborne, and foodborne
69
airborne transmission
spread of pathogens farther than one meter to the respiratory mucous membrane of host via aerosol
70
waterborne transmission
water acts as a reservoir as well as a vehicle of infections
71
foodborne transmission
pathogens in or on food that is inadequately processed, undercooked, or poorly refrigerated
72
vector transmission
animals that transmit diseases from one host to another
73
types of vector transmission
biological and mechanical vectors
74
biological vectors
transmit pathogens and serve as hosts for reproduction
75
mechanical vectors
passively carry pathogens to new hosts on body parts
76
acute disease
develops rapidly but lasts for short time
77
chronic disease
develops slowly and lasts long time, sometimes recurrent
78
subacute disease
durations and severities that are between acute and chronic
79
latent disease
pathogen remains inactive for long time before becoming active
80
communicable disease
infectious disease comes directly or indirectly from another host; contagious disease
81
noncommunicable disease
source of infectious disease is not a host
82
epidemiology
study of where and when disease occur and how they are transmitted
83
incidence
number of new cases in a given area during a given time
84
prevalence
total number of cases, new and old, in a given area during a given time
85
endemic
disease that normally occurs continually in a given area
86
sporadic
few scattered cases occur in an area or population
87
epidemic
disease that occurs more than normal for an area
88
pandemic
epidemic occurring at the same time on more than one continent
89
descriptive epidemiology
careful recording of data concerning a disease including: location, time, ages, gender, occupations, and health histories
90
index case
the first case of a disease
91
analytical epidemiology
determines the probable cause of disease; retrospective
92
experimental epidemiology
testing a hypothesis resulting from analytical epidemiology
93
nosocomial infections
acquired by patients or health care workers in health care facilities
94
nosocomial diseases
diseases acquired in a health care setting
95
types of nosocomial infections
exogenous, endogenous, and iatrogenic
96
exogenous nosocomial infections
caused by pathogens acquired from the health care environment
97
endogenous nosocomial infections
arise from normal microbiota that become opportunistic within a health care setting
98
iatrogenic infections
nosocomial infection that is direct result from modern medical procedures

Microbiology (12 decks)

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