Chapter 7 Flashcards

(18 cards)

1
Q

Clean Air Act - 1970

A

improved air quality to measure better than 40 years ago. Banned lead as a fuel additive in gasoline - reduced its presence in the air by nearly 90%

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2
Q

Clean Air Act Amendments - 1990

A

Required further measures to be taken to fight smog, acid rain, and toxic emissions

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3
Q

Clean Water Act - 1972

A

Goal to eliminate all water pollution by 1985

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4
Q

Cost-benefit analysis

A

a device used to determine whether it’s worthwhile to incur a particular cost (Ex: cost of employing a particular pollution-control device).

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5
Q

Ecological economics

A

new discipline – attempting to expand further the boundaries of environmental cost-benefit analysis by calculating the value of an ecosystem in terms of what it would cost to provide the benefits and services it now furnishes us.

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6
Q

Ecology

A

science of interrelationships among organisms and their environments.

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7
Q

Ecosystem

A

a total ecological community, both living and nonliving.

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8
Q

EPA

A

sets legal limits on the amount of pesticide residues allowed to remain on food with adults in mind

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9
Q

Externalities (spillover)

A

disparity between private industrial costs and public social costs.

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10
Q

Free-rider problems

A

Receiving the benefit from the efforts of others to prevent pollution but not making the same effort themselves.

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11
Q

Incentive approach

A

minimizes gov’t interference in business and encourages voluntary action rather than coercing compliance, as in the case of regulation.

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12
Q

Moral vegetarianism

A

people who reject eating meat on moral grounds.

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13
Q

Naturalistic ethic

A

some natural object, such as whooping cranes, are morally considerable in their own right, apart from human interests, or that some ecosystems have intrinsic values, from which we derive a duty to respect these landscapes

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14
Q

Pollution permits

A

companies with low pollution levels can make money by selling their pollution rights to companies with poorer controls. Used instead of imposing a tax or fee.

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15
Q

Pricing mechanisms

A

or effluent charges, spell out the cost for a specific kind of pollution in a specific area at a specific time.

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16
Q

Regulatory approach

A

makes use of direct public regulation and control in determining how the pollution bill is paid.

17
Q

Right to livable environment

A

Each person has a human right because a livable environment is essential for one to fulfill his human capacities (William T. Blackstone).

18
Q

Tragedy of the commons

A

Pollution and resource depletion are examples of situations in which each person’s pursuit of self- interest makes everyone worse off. There can be a difference between the private & social costs of a business activity.