Chapter 7

Question 0

associative learning

Answer 0

learning that certain events occur together

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Question 2

stimulus

Answer 2

any event or situation that evokes a response

Question 3

cognitive learning

Answer 3

the acquisition of mental information

Question 4

classical conditioning

Answer 4

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Question 5

behaviorism

Answer 5

the view that psychology 1 should be an objective science 2 that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

Question 6

ns

Answer 6

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Question 7

ur

Answer 7

in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 8

us

Answer 8

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that conditionally triggers a response

Question 9

cr

Answer 9

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Question 10

cs

Answer 10

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 11

acquistion

Answer 11

in classical conditioning, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

Question 12

extinction

Answer 12

the diminishing of a conditioned response

Question 13

spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

the reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 14

generalization

Answer 14

the tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 15

discrimination

Answer 15

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

operant conditioning

Answer 16

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

Question 17

law of effect

Answer 17

thorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and vice versa

Question 18

operant chamber

Answer 18

in operant conditioning, a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer

Question 19

reinforcement

Answer 19

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behaviorit follows

Question 20

shaping

Answer 20

in operant conditioning, an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 21

positive reinforcement

Answer 21

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers

Question 22

negative reinforcement

Answer 22

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli

Question 23

primary reinforcer

Answer 23

an innately reinforcing stimulus

Question 24

conditioned reinforcer

Answer 24

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

Question 25

continuous reinforcement

Answer 25

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 26

reinforcement schedule

Answer 26

a patten that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

Question 27

partial reinforcement

Answer 27

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

Question 28

fixed ratio schedule

Answer 28

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 29

variable ratio schedule

Answer 29

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 30

fixed interval schedule

Answer 30

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 31

variable interval schedule

Answer 31

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 32

punishment

Answer 32

an event that tends to decrease the behavior it follows

Question 33

respondent behavior

Answer 33

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

Question 34

operant behavior

Answer 34

behavior that operates on the environment

Question 35

cognitive map

Answer 35

a mental representation of the layout of ones environment

Question 36

latent learning

Answer 36

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 37

intrinsic motivation

Answer 37

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

Question 38

extrinsic motivation

Answer 38

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or aviod threatened punishment

Question 39

observational learning

Answer 39

learning by observing others

Question 40

modeling

Answer 40

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Question 41

mirror neurons

Answer 41

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so

Question 42

prosocial behavior

Answer 42

positive, constructive, helpful behavior