Chapter 7

Question 1

Neoplasia

Answer 1

“New growth”

Cells exhibit uncontrolled proliferation, resulting in a mass of abnormal cells

Question 2

Tumor

Answer 2

Swelling /enlargement of tissues

Synonym for “neoplasia”

Question 3

Oncology

Answer 3

Study of tumors or neoplasms
Oncogenic virus : causes cancer
Other causes : chemicals (carcinogens), radiation, genetics,unknown

Question 4

Carcinoma

Answer 4

Malignant tumor (cancer) of epithelium

Question 5

Sarcoma

Answer 5

Malignant tumor (cancer) of CT or NON-epithelial tissues

Question 6

Leukoplakia

Answer 6

White, plaque like lesion in oral mucosa, unknown cause, cannot be wiped away, hyperkeratosis,
10% may be malignant or pre malignant

Question 7

Erythroplakia

Answer 7

Red lesion
MORE serious that a white lesion
Less common in oral cavity than leukoplakia (60 white : 1 red)

Question 8

Metaplasia

Answer 8

Change in cells from normal to abnormal

Question 9

Anaplasia

Answer 9

Change in cells to an immature or undifferentiated state
Characteristic of malignant cancerous tumors
Ex. White blood cells that no longer do their job of fighting infection, they’ve digressed into undifferentiated cells. Characteristic sign of leukemia

Question 10

Dysplasia

Answer 10

Disordered growth

Alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells

Question 11

Epithelial dysplasia

Answer 11

Dysplasia of epithelium

Question 12

Carcinoma in situ

Answer 12

MOST severe epithelial dysplasia involving the full thickness of epithelium (low metastasis since epithelium has no blood vessels)
NO invasion of underlying CT (basement membrane)

Question 13

Benign tumors

Answer 13

Localized
Encapsulated (well circumscribed)
Slower growing
Rare or no mitotic figures
Well differentiated / resemble normal cells

Question 14

Malignant tumors (cancer)

Answer 14

Invades/spreads (metastasis)
Diffuse borders
Rapid growth
Mitotic figures (dividing cells in process of mitosis)
Poorly to well differentiated, changed cells
No “Contact inhibition” (normal cells stop dividing once they hit other cells, malignant cells don’t stop dividing even when hitting other cells)

Question 15

Epithelial tumors

Answer 15

Papilloma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Verrucous carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma

Question 16

Salivary gland tumors

Answer 16

Adenoma (pleomorphic adenoma)

Adenocarcinoma (adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma)

Question 17

Odontogenic tumors

Answer 17

Ameloblastoma
Cementoblastoma
Odontoma (compound/complex)

Question 18

Soft tissue tumors

Answer 18

Lipoma
Neurofibroma 
Schwannoma
Granular cell tumor
Congenital epulis 
Rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyocarcoma
Leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma

Question 19

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 19

Most common cancer of the oral cavity
Aka - Epidermoid carcinoma
Most commonly found on the posterior lateral borders of tongue and floor of the mouth

Question 20

Vascular tumors

Answer 20

Hemangioma
Lymphangioma
Kaposis sarcoma

Question 21

Melonatic tumors

Answer 21

Melanocytic nevus (nevi -plural)
Malignant melanoma

Question 22

Bone and cartilage tumors

Answer 22

Torus
Exostosis
Osteoma
Osteosarcoma
Chondroma
Chondrosarcoma

Question 23

Blood and blood-forming tissue tumors

Answer 23

Leukemia
Lymphoma
Multiple myeloma

Question 24

Papilloma

Answer 24

Epithelial tumor- best prognosis
Benign tumor of squamous epithelium
Finger like projections, looks like cauliflower
Keratotic
Excision for treatment - one pudgy had but cured with homeopath

Question 25

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 25

Epidermoid carcinoma epithelial tumor Most common malignancy of oral cavity Clinically looks like ulcerative mass, white, red, bleeding Invades through basement membrane and into CT May have keratin pearls RISK factors: tobacco, sun, alcohol, HPV Prono sis depends on metastitis of tumor

Question 26

Verrucous carcinoma

Answer 26

Less invasive, slower growing cancer that does not cross the basement membrane Epithelial tumor Pebbly red white kerotic surface Does not usually metastisize

Question 27

Basal cell carcinoma

Answer 27

Malignant skin tumor of epithelium, associated with sun exposure, not found in oral cavity Non healing ulcer on skin with rolled borders Prognosis is better than squamous cell carcinoma, locally invasive, rarely metastisizes Surgical excision

Question 28

Pleomorphic adenoma

Answer 28

Salivary gland tumor Benign salivary gland tumor Most common salivary gland tumor Contains both epithelial and CT (mixed tumor) Common sites: parotid (extraorally) and palate (intraorally) Slow growing, painless, dome shaped

Question 29

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 29

Malignant tumors of salivary glands Adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma Parotid gland and palate Slowly enlarging mass, may be painful Prognosis : good/fair if no metastisis, poor if metastisis (spread to lymph nodes)

Question 30

Ameloblastoma

Answer 30

Odontogenic tumor Benign slow growing but locally invasive odontogenic tumor Most common (80%) in mandible (molar/ramus) Expansion of bone, slow developing, asymptomatic, swelling Causes extensive damage because of its invasion Multilocular soap bubble radiolucency Surgical excision but frequent recurrence

Question 31

Periapical cemento-osseous

Answer 31

Bone lesion of unknown cause usually in anterior mandible, 30 year and over black women. Asymptomatic Composed of calcifications (may resemble bone, cementum or both) and fibrous tissue making it fibro-osseous Well circumscribed and radiolucent, mimicking periapical inflam Early lesions are mostly fibrous, later are more calcified

Question 32

Pagents disease

Answer 32

AKA - Osteitis deformans or Leontiasis ossea Chronic metabolism bone disease - resorption, osteoblastic repair, and demineralization. Involves pelvis, spinal column, maxilla causing enlargement of bone and pain. Can cause spacing of teeth because of extra bone growth and hypercementosis Men over 50 w virus cause suspected Patchy radiolucent and radiopacent, "cotton wool appearance" Elevated alkaline phosphatase levels, mosaic bone, obliterated PDL, no lamina dura, fractures and tumors may occur

Question 33

Osteomalacia

Answer 33

Develops over a long period of time because of calcium deficiency Delayed tooth eruption and perio disease Pathological fractures and changes in bone trabeculation Related to Rickets in children Vitamin D deficiency May be induced by tumors, malabsorption, drugs, liver/kidney disease, chronic use of antacids

Question 34

Cementoblastoma

Answer 34

Odontogenic tumor Benign, painful cementum producing lesion fused to tooth root Week defined, radiopaque mass contiguous w tooth root Obliterate tooth root and cause bone expansion Trxt: removal (enulceation) of tumor and tooth

Question 35

Odontoma

Answer 35

MOST COMMON odontogenic tumor Benign tumor composed of enamel, dentin, cementum, pulp Mostly young adults COMPOUND- cluster of many small teeth sourrounded by radiolucent halo COMPLEX- radiopaque mass of tooth tissue but not tooth, sourrounded by radiolucent halo

Question 36

Lipoma

Answer 36

Soft tissue tumor Benign tumor of fat cells Yellow mass covered by thin epithelium, delicate pattern of blood vessels on the surface of fat

Question 37

Neurofibroma/Schwannoma (neurolemmoma)

Answer 37

Benign soft tissue tumor derived from nerve tissue From Schwann cells (CT surrounding nerves) TONGUE is most common site Associated with Von Recklinghausen disease with cafe au late spots

Question 38

Granular cell tumor

Answer 38

Soft tissue benign tumor composed of large cells w granular cytoplasm Tongue is most common introral site

Question 39

Congenital epulis

Answer 39

Soft tissue benign tumor aka congenital epulis of newborn Usually sessile or pedunculated mass on gingiva Most common on anterior maxillary gingiva of girls

Question 40

Rhabdomyoma

Answer 40

Benign tumor of striated muscle, tongue is most common site

Question 41

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 41

MALIGNANT tumor of striated muscle Most common malignant soft tissue tumor of H&N in kids Very aggressive tumor with poor prognosis

Question 42

Leiomyoma

Answer 42

Benign tumor of smooth muscle

Question 43

Leiomysarcoma

Answer 43

Malignant tumor of smooth muscle

Question 44

Hemangioma

Answer 44

``` Vascular tumors Benign proliferation of capillaries Common developmental abnormality lesion Birthmark, but mat shrink or enlarge over time Injection of sclerosing solution to fix ```

Question 45

Lymphangioma

Answer 45

Benign vascular tumor composed of lymphatic vessels, present at birth Tongue is most common intraoral site, may lead to macroglossia

Question 46

Kaposis sarcoma

Answer 46

Malignant vascular tumor Aggressive form in HIV patients Purplish tumor of hard palate and gingiva most common Human herpes 8

Question 47

Melanocytic nevus (nevi plural)

Answer 47

BENIGN melanotic tumor of melanocytes Intraoral nevi are tan brown purple papules macules Most common on hard palate, then buccal mucosa

Question 48

Malignant melanoma

Answer 48

Malignant tumor of melanocytes- all melanomas are malignant On skin from sun exposure Rare in oral cavity but may metastisize from skin to oral cavity Rapidly enlarging to blueish black mass Palate and maxillary palate Very aggressive, poor prognosis

Question 49

Torus

Answer 49

Bone and cartilage tumors | Benign, normal

Question 50

Osteoma

Answer 50

Benign, tumor of mature bone, asymptomatic Slow growing, sharply defined, radiopaque area Bone expansion Associated with Gardner syndrome Surgical excision

Question 51

Osteosarcoma

Answer 51

Malignant tumor of bone forming tissue Most common primary malignant tumor of bone under 40 yr old Diffuse painful swelling Parasthesia of lip Variable radiographic appearance, sunburst pattern Poor prognosis

Question 52

Chondroma

Answer 52

Cartilage tumor. Benign

Question 53

Chondrosarcoma

Answer 53

Malignant cartilage tumor | Chemotherapy/radiation is not effective