Chapter 7

Question 1

oligosaccharides

Answer 1

3-20 monosaccharides

Question 2

polysaccharide

Answer 2

polymers more than 20 monosaccharides

Question 3

glycoconjugates

Answer 3

carbs linked to proteins or lipids

Question 4

D

Answer 4

OH on right

Question 5

L

Answer 5

OH on LLLLLLeft

Question 6

designation of D or L based on…

Answer 6

OH of chiral carbon most distant from carbonyl oxygen called glyceraldehyde

Question 7

molecules with “n” chiral centers will have ____ stereoisomers

Answer 7

2^n

Question 8

carbohydrate empirical formula

Answer 8

(CH2O)n

Question 9

two major classes of carbs

Answer 9

aldoses and ketoses

Question 10

Glucose and _________ epimers at C-2

Answer 10

Mannose

Question 11

Glucose and _________ epimers at C-4

Answer 11

Galactose

Question 12

epimers

Answer 12

sugars that differ at a single chiral center

Question 13

cyclized structure; alcohol with aldehyde

Answer 13

hemiacetal

Question 14

cyclized structure; alcohol with ketose

Answer 14

hemiketal

Question 15

six-membered sugar ring

Answer 15

pyranose

Question 16

five member sugar ring

Answer 16

furanose

Question 17

beta

Answer 17

OH above

Question 18

alpha

Answer 18

OH below

Question 19

mutarotation

Answer 19

a and B configurations interconverting

Question 20

sugar derivative glucosinolate and enzyme myrosinase

Answer 20

stored separately, but come together upon tissue damage – myrosinase acts on glucosinolate to produce glucose and isothiocyanate (bitter).

Question 21

monosaccharides reducing agents

Answer 21

carbonyl group (now reducing end) is oxidized to a carboxyl group to allow for quantifications of sugar in blood or urine

Question 22

glycosidic bond

Answer 22

primary structural linkage in all polymers of monosaccharides

Question 23

O-glycosidic bonds

Answer 23

occur through oxygen

Question 24

N-glycosidic bonds

Answer 24

occur through nitrogen

Question 25

reducing end

Answer 25

the end of the chain with a free anomeric carbon

Question 26

glycosyltransferases

Answer 26

how higher order carbohydrate structures are generated | -use monosaccharides activated through linkage with UDP

Question 27

homopolysaccharides

Answer 27

polymers containing a single type of monosaccharide

Question 28

heteropolysaccharides

Answer 28

polymers containing more than one type of monosaccharide

Question 29

energy storage polysaccharides

Answer 29

- starch (amylose and amylopectin) | - glycogen

Question 30

amylose

Answer 30

unbranched, linear polymer of glucose residues though a(1-4) bonds

Question 31

non-reducing end suffix

Answer 31

osyl

Question 32

reducing end suffix

Answer 32

ose

Question 33

amylopectin

Answer 33

branched, a(1-4) linked glucose residues with a(1-6) branched every 24-30 residues

Question 34

glycogen

Answer 34

- most prevalent in skeletal muscle and liver | - identical to amylopectin, but branch every 10 residues

Question 35

glycogen phosphorylase

Answer 35

cleaves glucose residues from branch end points to mobilize

Question 36

structural polysaccharides

Answer 36

cellulose and chitin

Question 37

cellulose

Answer 37

-linear, homo of glucose B(1-4)

Question 38

chitin

Answer 38

principal component of hard exoskeletons - linear, homo, N-acetylglucosamine (modification of glucose) - B(1-4)

Question 39

chemical different between cellulose and chitin

Answer 39

replacement of hydroxyl group at C2 with acylated amino group

Question 40

fibrils

Answer 40

formed by parallel polysaccharides linked through H-bonds

Question 41

B(1-4) linkages

Answer 41

- of cellulose and chitin | - allow formation of long straight chains

Question 42

a(1-4) linkages

Answer 42

-of starts and glycogen form hollow, helical structures, for storage

Question 43

glycolipids

Answer 43

sugars covalently linked to lipid molecules

Question 44

glycolipids function

Answer 44

formation of blood group antigens

Question 45

proteoglycans

Answer 45

protein linked to carb called glycosaminoglycan | -serve structural and lubricating functions

Question 46

glycoproteins

Answer 46

protein with covalently attached sugars - (N-linked) amide nitrogen of side chain of an Asn - (O-linked) hydroxyl on Set of Threonine

Question 47

erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 47

glycoprotein that stimulated production of red blood cells - has 3 n-linked and o-linked glycosylations - seynthetic differs from endogenous (used to detect use of the banned substance)

Question 48

extracellular matrix

Answer 48

space in tissues containing gel-like material