Chapter 7

Question 1

Randomized Experiments

Answer 1

The allocation of sampling units to groups or conditions done through random assignment. (Random Assignment) also known as randomization.

Question 2

Sampling Units

Answer 2

A general way of referring to the participants, subjects, groups, or objects being studied (the units sampled from the population).

Question 3

Propensity Matching

Answer 3

A statistically correct matching procedure often used in observational studies with very large samples.

Question 4

Between Subjects-Design or Nested Design

Answer 4

When participants are exposed to one condition each.

Question 5

Method of Agreement

Answer 5

If X, then Y;

X = PResumed Cause Y= Presumed Effect

Question 6

Sufficient Condition

Answer 6

Adequate to bring the effect.

Question 7

Method of Difference

Answer 7

If not X, then not Y; if the presumed effect Y does not occur, the presumed cause X is absent.

Question 8

Necessary Condition

Answer 8

Implies that the cause is indispensable (You need the cause for the Effect)

Question 9

Within-Subjects Design

Answer 9

Same subjects trying out different conditions. Also known as repeated measures design or cross-design.

Question 10

Factorial Design

Answer 10

consisting of two levels of a variable. IV; Gender > Male;Female

Question 11

Mixed Factorial Design

Answer 11

A design that consists of both between and within-subject factors.

Question 12

Counterbalancing

Answer 12

To deal with the problem of systematic differences between successive treatments or measurements, you would use counterbalancing.

Question 13

Latin Square Design

Answer 13

A square array of letters and numbers which represent treatment conditions. Each letter appears once and only once in each row and in each column.

Question 14

Material Causality

Answer 14

Substance or substances which are thought to be necessary for the movement of something or for the coming into being of an event.

Question 15

Formal Causality

Answer 15

Plan or development that gives meaning to the event.

Question 16

Final Causality or Teleological Causality

Answer 16

the action is “goal directed” Refers to the objective or purpose of the event.

Question 17

Efficient Causality

Answer 17

Refers to the activating or energizing force responsible for the event.

Question 18

Covariation

Answer 18

Conjunction between cause and effect is not necessarily constant but is likely or probable.

Question 19

Temporal precedence

Answer 19

“Priority” the assumption that cause X does in infact precede the Cause Y
.. some relationships can become a vicious circle of bidirectional cause and effect.

Question 20

Internal Validity

Answer 20

Scientists attempt on logical and empirical rounds to rule out plausible rival explanations between presumed cause and presumed outcome

Question 21

Quasi-Experimental

Answer 21

Resembling - Resembles a randomized design but it is not random.

Question 22

Biased Selection

Answer 22

How sampling units assigned to different conditions were selected for those conditions.

Bias implies that the selection procedure resulted in groups that were systematically dissimilar in characteristics even before the experimental intervention.

Question 23

Pre-Experimental Design

Answer 23

Designs viewed as too primitive and are seen as especially vulnerable to bias selection and causal misinterpretations.

Question 24

One Shot Case Study

Answer 24

X - O

X= Exposure to the intervention (Experimental Treatment)
O= Observation or measurement.

Question 25

Bias due to history

Answer 25

PResence of an event other than the treatment usually concurrent with the treatment that may be responsible for the observed effect.

Question 26

One Group Pre Post Design

Answer 26

Symbolized as OXO; There is no Control X Observe something Do something to Change it Observe the effects Example; Dermatology, doctor sees rash, gives you ointment, they can predict that it was the ointment that cured the rash but it is susceptible to bias due to history cause it may be something else that caused it.

Question 27

Bias due to maturation

Answer 27

Bias due to Naturally occurring changes over time

Question 28

Bias due to Attrition

Answer 28

Differential loss of units in some conditions. Depending on the people in your study and they are no longer there.

Question 29

Bias due to testing

Answer 29

Being measured or tested initially can have an effect on the performance on the dependent variable.

Question 30

Instrumentation Bias

Answer 30

Post treatment effect that was measured was due to changes in the measuring instrument.

Question 31

Artifact

Answer 31

A type of error that occurs systematically rather than randomly and if left ignored or uncontrolled, it can jeopardize the validity of conclusions of the hypothesis.

Question 32

Demand Characteristics

Answer 32

Cues indicating how research subjects should behave.

Question 33

Quasi Control Subjects

Answer 33

Individuals who are asked to step out of the traditional role of the research subject and to think of themselves as a co-investigator. Drawn from the same population from the same experimental and control participants but are asked to reflect on the context in which the experiment is being conducted.

Question 34

Experimental Expectancy Effect

Answer 34

Uncontrolled intentions or actions of the experimenters indicating where they want the experimental to lead.

Question 35

Blind Experimenters

Answer 35

Experimenters who are unaware of which subjects are to receive the experimental treatment or control treatment.

Question 36

Double Blind Procedures

Answer 36

Neither the human participants nor the experimenters know who is in the experimental treatment or control treatment.

Question 37

Expectancy Control Design

Answer 37

Factorial design that not only assesses whether an expectancy effect is present but allows a direct comparison of that effect with the phenomenon of theoretical interest.

Question 38

Placebo

Answer 38

A lacking substance