Review Questions Flashcards
Overall review questions (49 cards)
Which of the following is most commonly used in public opinion polling?
(a) random selection
(b) random assignment
(c) random processing
(d) opportunity sampling
a) random selection
A __________ is the total group of those in whom one is interested; a __________ is a segment of the total group that will be studied more closely.
(a) universe of subjects, population
(b) population, sample
(c) sample, population
(d) sample, microsample
b) population, sample
The true population mean is 4. A sample is chosen with the following values: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. This sample is
(a) unbiased
(b) biased
(c) random
(d) nonrandom.
a) unbiased
The true population mean is 4. Sample A has the following values: 3, 4, 4, 5. Sample B has the following values: 0, 4, 4, 8. Compared to Sample B, Sample A is more:
(a) unbiased
(b) biased
(c) stable
(d) random.
c) stable
A sampling plan is created in which each member of the population has an equal probability of being selected. This is called a(n) __________ plan.
(a) quota sampling
(b) simple random sampling
(c) stratified random sampling
(d) area probability sampling
b) simple random sampling
A public opinion pollster divides the population into subpopulations of males and females, and of Democrats and Republicans. She then takes a random sample from each of these subpopulations. This approach is called:
(a) area probability sampling
(b) stratified random sampling
(c) simple random sampling
(d) quota sampling.
b) stratified random sampling
A researcher concludes that 1,000 students at a parti- cular college plan to go to graduate school. This is an example of a(n):
(a) reliable measure
(b) interval estimate
(c) point estimate
(d) judge’s rating.
c) point estimate
The same researcher states that it is 95% likely that between 900 and 1,100 students at the college plan to go to graduate school. This is an example of a(n):
(a) observation measure
(b) confidence interval estimate
(c) point estimate
(d) judge’s rating.
b) confidence interval estimate
In some circumstances, people who agree to participate in survey research are noticeably different from people who refuse to participate. This problem is sometimes called:
(a) lack of randomization
(b) sampling without replacement
(c) instability in sampling
(d) nonresponse bias.
d) nonresponse bias
Compared to nonvolunteers, those who typically volunteer to participate in psychological research tend to be:
(a) less authoritarian
(b) higher in arousal- seeking
(c) more sociable
(d) all of the above.
d) all of the above
Which of the following is typically not characteristic of single-case experiments?
(a) experimental intervention
(b) randomization
(c) control condition
(d) repeated measurement
b) randomization
A researcher at North Carolina State University devel- ops a new treatment program for alcoholism. He allows the participants to choose whether they want to be in the experimental group or the control group. This is an example of a:
(a) true experimental design
(b) nonequivalent-groups design (c) time-series design
(d) cohort design.
b) nonequivalent-groups design
In large-sample nonequivalent-groups designs, the comparability of “treated” and “untreated” subjects:
(a) may be improved by sub-classification on propensity scores
(b) is also going to be suspect whatever we do
(c) is no worse than in a similar randomized experiment
(d) all of the above.
a) may be improved by sub-classification on propensity scores
One type of research design involves measuring a single variable on many separate occasions and assessing the impact of interventions on this vari- able. This type of design is called a:
(a) correlational design
(b) cohort design
(c) cross-sectional design
(d) time-series design.
d) time-series design
A behavioral therapist at Northeastern University is working with autistic children. He decides first to observe their baseline levels of disruptive behavior and then to observe their behavior several times after administering his intervention. He then removes his intervention to determine whether the disruptive behavior will return to baseline levels. This type of design can be described as an:
(a) A-B design
(b) A-B-C design
(c) A-B-A design
(d) A-B-A-C design
c) A-B-A design
A study examining changes in individuals over an extended period of time is called a:
(a) longitudinal study
(b) quasi-longitudinal study
(c) nonequivalent-groups design
(d) time-series study.
a) longitudinal study
A researcher at the University of Montana conducts a study on the relationship between watching TV (Variable A) and violent behavior (Variable B). She measures both variables at two points in time. She calculates the correlation between watching TV at Time 1 and watching TV at Time 2. This is an example of a(n) __________ correlation.
(a) internal validity
(b) test-retest
(c) synchronous
(d) cross-lagged
b) test-retest
The same researcher calculates the correlation between watching TV at Time 2 and violent behavior at Time 2. This is an example of a(n) __________ correlation.
(a) internal consistency
(b) test-retest
(c) synchronous
(d) cross-lagged
c) synchronous
In the study above, this researcher also calculates the correlation between watching TV at Time 1 and violent behavior at Time 2. This is an example of a(n) __________ correlation.
(a) internal validity
(b) test- retest
(c) synchronous
(d) cross-lagged
d) cross-lagged
The same researcher finds that rA1B2 =.30 and rB1A2= .02. These results suggest that:
(a) it is more likely that watching TV causes violent behaviour
(b) it is more likely that violent behaviour causes TV watching
(c) there is no causal relationship between watching TV and violent behaviour
(d) watching TV and violent behaviour have reciprocal causal effects.
(a) it is more likely that watching TV causes violent behaviour
Which of the following is considered a defining characteristic of randomized clinical trials in medical research?
(a) random sampling
(b) random assignment of the sampling units to the experimental and control conditions
(c) use of a placebo control group
(d) use of a quasi-control group
b) random assignment of the sampling units to the experimental and control conditions
Randomization is:
(a) selecting a sample at random from a larger population
(b) manipulating a random sample of variables within an experiment; (c) ensuring that each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to any condition
(d) randomly determining which experimenter will conduct which experimental condition.
c) ensuring that each subject has an equal chance of being assigned to any condition
Which of the following is a type of cause that was identified by Aristotle?
(a) final
(b) efficient
(c) formal
(d) all of the above
d) all of the above
To conclude that X causes Y, scientists must be able to rule out plausible rival hypotheses. This is called the criterion of:
(a) covariation
(b) temporal precedence
(c) internal validity
(d) material causation.
c) internal validity
