Chapter 8 Flashcards
Prospective Data
Prospective means “of or in the future” Collecting data at a point in the future.
Retrospective Data
Data that is collected “from the past”.
third-variable problem or Extraneous Variable
A third variable that is correlated with both x and y, and could x and y to covary.
nonequivalent-groups design
a form of between-subjects designs in which the sampling units (the subjects, groups, etc) are allocated to the experimental and control groups by means other than randomization and are also observed or tested before and after the experimental intervention.
wait-list control group
If the researcher cannot use a random assignment procedure in a particular case because of concerns about depriving the control group of the experimental treatment, the researcher might propose a randomized design with a wait-list control group.
Those assigned to group 2 are later given an opportunity to receive the treatment once the beneficial result is observed.
Subclassification on Propensity Scores
Reduces all of the variables on which the “treated” and “untreated” sampling units differ to a single composite variable.
Propensity Score
The composite variable called a propensity score is a summary statistic of all the differences on all variables on which the “treated” and “untreated” units differ.
Time-series designs
the defining characteristic is the study of variation across some dimension over time. A data point for each point in time
Interrupted time-series design
When the effects of some intervention or “treatment” are inferred from a comparison of the outcome measures obtained at different time intervals before and after the intervention.
A dividing line at the beginning of the intervention (a line analogous to the start of the “treatment”).
Single-case experimental research
A family of nonrandomized designs that is a mainstay of behavior modification research is called single-case experimental research (also called small-N experimental research and N-of-1 experimental research).
Behavioural Baseline
The observations of a consistent pattern in the subject’s behavior before the treatment (or intervention).
A relatively stable pattern of behavior before the treatment or intervention serves as a kind of “pretest” with which details about the pattern of behaviour after the treatment can be compared.
In this way, the unit serves as its own control in a within-subjects design.
A cross-lagged panel design
Called cross-lagged because some of the data points are treated as temporally “lagged” (delayed) values of the outcome variable. It is called a panel design because in social survey terminology. a panel study is another name for a longitudinal study.
Longitudinal Study
A study that examines the change in a person or a group of people over an extended period of time.
test-retest correlations
Tell us the reliability of each A and B over two time periods.
