Chapter 7

Question 0

Toxicology is defined as?

Answer 0

The science of poisons (textbook)

study of the adverse effects ofchemicals (“poisons”) on living organisms (notes)

Question 1

Which is more common?

Accidents or occupational illness

Answer 1

Occupational illness

Question 2

What is a xenobiotic?

Answer 2

Xenobiotic: exogenous chemicals not produced orexpected in an organism, but found inside.
(air, H20, food, and soil)

Question 3

Most chemicals are metabolized into what?

Answer 3

Water soluble products (detoxification)

Question 4

What phase of biotransformation involves hydrolosis, oxidation, or reduction in an attempt to metabolize xenobiotics?

Answer 4

Phase 1

Question 5

glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation are associated with which phase of biotransformation?

Answer 5

Phase 2

Question 6

What is the most important cellular enzyme involved with phase 1 biotransformation?

Answer 6

Cytochrome P450

Question 7

Who has the greatest health risk involved with ozone?

Answer 7

Those with asthma or emphysema

Question 8

Sulfur dioxide, particulates, and acid aerosols can cause inflammation and infection which alters what process?

Answer 8

Mucociliary clearance

Question 9

What is the most common air pollutant?

Answer 9

Ozone

Question 10

What is the most common indoor pollutant?

Answer 10

Tobacco smoke

Question 11

Excess lead causes what defects in 1) children 2) adults

Answer 11

Children-CNS defects

Adults-peripheral neuropathy

Question 12

What is the major source of exposure to mercury found?

Answer 12

Contaminated fish

Question 13

Exposing the fetus to high levels of mercury might cause what disease?

Answer 13

Minamata disease, which is characterized by cerebral palsy, blindness, and deafness.

Question 14

What is the most preventable cause of human death?

Answer 14

Smoking

Question 15

What may cause centrilobular liver necrosis?

Answer 15

An overdose of acetaminophen

Question 16

What is considered a disorder of energy regulation?

Answer 16

Obesity

Question 17

What are the 4 MOST common heavy metal exposures?

Answer 17

Lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium

Question 18

Which heavy metal Interferes with oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 18

Arsenic

Question 19

50% of what group of people have acetylaldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency.

Answer 19

Individuals of Asian decent

Question 20

What is commonly used as an analgesic, antipyretic, and as a blood thinner ( ↓ heart attack or stroke risk)

Answer 20

Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic acid)

AKA: ASA or salicylate

Question 21

What are complications (2) that may arise from chronic aspirin toxicity?

Answer 21

• GI bleeding

* Convulsions and coma

Question 22

What is the most commonly used illicit drug?

Answer 22

Marijuana (cannabis sativa)

Question 23

Most common cause of death due to a thermal injury?

Most common agent?

Answer 23

Sepsis,

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 24

H2O depletion due to hyperthermia is called?

Answer 24

Hypovolemia

Question 25

What are the 2 major categories associated with electrical injury?

Answer 25

1. Thermal burns | 2. Cardiorespiratory failure (ventricular fibrillation)

Question 26

What is the most common source of irradiation?

Answer 26

X-rays and gamma rays

Question 27

What fraction of ionizing radiation is environmental?

Answer 27

4/5

Question 28

Irradiation has a pronounced effect on which cells?

Answer 28

Labile cells

Question 29

Describe the difference between primary and secondary malnutrition

Answer 29

* 1˚ malnutrition: missing ≥1 nutrient * 2˚ malnutrition: nutrient supply is adequate, but malabsorption, impaired utilization/storage, or excessive nutrient loss impacts homeostasis

Question 30

Malnutrition is classified as what percentage of normal weight?

Answer 30

<80% of normal weight

Question 31

What is described as self induced starvation?

Answer 31

Anorexia nervosa

Question 32

Which is more common, bulimia or anorexia?

Answer 32

Bulimia

Question 33

Eating the livers of animals can be associated with_____?

Answer 33

Vitamin A toxicity