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Biology (Mrs. Bello) > Chapter 7 - Cells > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Who was the first person to discover cells of any kind?

A

Robert Hooke discovered non-living cells in 1665.

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2
Q

Who was the first person to discover living cells?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek examined pond water and other samples including one from a human mouth. He was the first to see living cells, bacteria.

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3
Q

Who concluded that plants are made of cells?

A

Matthias Schleiden concluded that plants are made of cells.

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4
Q

Who stated that new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells?

A

Rudolf Virchow stated that new cells could be produced only from the division of existing cells.

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5
Q

Who stated that all animals are made of cells?

A

Theodor Schwann stated that all animals are made of cells.

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6
Q

How do microscopes work?

A

Most microscopes use lenses to magnify the image of an object by focusing lights or electrons.

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7
Q

What are the three points of cell theory?

A
  1. All living things are made of cells
  2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
  3. New cells are produced from living cells
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8
Q

Where did Leeuwenhoek first discover cells and what did they call them?

A

Leeuwenhoek first discovered cells in water and called them “animalcules”.

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9
Q

What is the difference between light microscopes and electron microscopes?

A

Light microscopes allow light to pass through a specimen and uses 2 lenses to magnify an image. Electron microscopes use a beam of electrons rather than light.

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10
Q

What type of electron microscope produces a two-dimensional image?

A

Transmission electron microscopes produce flat, two-dimensional images.

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11
Q

What type of electron microscope produces three-dimensional images?

A

Scanning electron microscopes produce three-dimensional images.

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12
Q

What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus.

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13
Q

What are some examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

An example of a prokaryotic cell is bacteria, like E. coli. An example of eukaryotic cells are plants and animals.

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14
Q

How and why are all cells different?

A

All cells differ in shape and size because they preform different functions.

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15
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

The nucleus is large membrane-enclosed structure that controls many of the cell’s activities. It contains nearly all of the cell’s DNA.

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16
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

The Golgi apparatus packages proteins and ships them where they need to go.

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17
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

Lysosomes are small organelles filled with enzymes that removes junk that would otherwise clutter up the cell. They also break down organelles that have outlived their usefulness.

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18
Q

What is the function of an endoplasmic reticulum?

A

An endoplasmic reticulum’s responsibility is assembling lipids and proteins.

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19
Q

What is the function of a mitochondrion?

A

A mitochondrion converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cells to use.

20
Q

What is the function of a cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in movement.

21
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

A vacuole stores material like water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.

22
Q

What are the functions of ribosomes?

A

Ribosomes form proteins.

23
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

Chloroplasts capture solar energy and convert it into food that contains energy in a process called photosynthesis.

24
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

The cell wall is found only in plants and it provides support, protection, and shade.

25
Q

What function of the cell membrane?

A

The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.

26
Q

What is a channel protein?

A

A channel protein is a protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane.

27
Q

What are some of the main differences between plant and animal cells?

A

Only plant cells have cell walls. Plant cells have one, large central vacuole as opposed to the animal cell’s multiple, smaller ones. Chloroplasts are only found in plant cells.

28
Q

What are cell membranes made of?

A

Cell membranes are composed of a lipid bilayer. (2 layers of lipids)

29
Q

What’s the difference between the nucleus and the nucleolus?

A

The nucleolus is a spherical structure located inside the nucleus. The nucleolus is where ribosomes are assembled.

30
Q

What is the smallest part of any living thing that is considered alive?

A

Cells are the smallest part of any living thing that are considered alive.

31
Q

Why does the specimen have to be thin for a microscope?

A

If a specimen is too thick, light cannot pass through.

32
Q

What do you do when living cells are transparent and the structures within them cannot be seen?

A

Chemical stains or dyes are used when living cells are transparent.

33
Q

What are the two broad categories that all cells fall into?

A

All cells are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic.

34
Q

What gives coded instructions to the rest of the cell?

A

DNA gives coded introductions to the rest of the cell.

35
Q

Which cell category is generally larger and more complex?

A

Eukaryotic cells are generally larger and more complex. They are highly specialized and contain dozens of structures and internal membranes.

36
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm is the fluid portion of the cell outside the nucleus.

37
Q

What are organelles?

A

Organelles are cellular structures that act as specialized organs.

38
Q

Where is DNA located?

A

The nucleus contains nearly all the cell’s DNA.

39
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus and is dotted with nuclear pores, which allow material to move into and out of the nucleus.

40
Q

What are chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes contain genetic info. They condense when their cell divides.

41
Q

Where are ribosomes assembled?

A

Ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus.

42
Q

What are vesicles?

A

Vesicles store and move materials between cell organelles.

43
Q

Why are ERs called smooth and rough?

A

The smooth ER does not have ribosomes on its surface.

44
Q

Where is the ER located?

A

Eukaryotic cells contain an internal membrane system known as the endoplasmic reticulum .

45
Q

What is the chlorophyll and where is it located?

A

The chlorophyll is a green pigment in plant cells. They are located inside the thylakoid membranes.

46
Q

What does it mean to be selectively permeable?

A

Most biological membranes are selectively permeable, meaning that some substances can pass across them and others cannot.

47
Q

What are cells named after?

A

The namesake of the cell comes from the cells that monks stay in.

Biology (Mrs. Bello) (16 decks)

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