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Physiology > Chapter 7: Neurons > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Neurons Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons

A

conduct impulses, but generally do NOT divide (can repair)

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2
Q

Neuroglia

A

support neurons and cannot conduct impulses, divide

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3
Q

Sensory neurons

A

conduct impulses from sensory receptors to the CNS, afferent

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4
Q

Motor neurons

A

conduct impulses from the CNS to target organs, efferent

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5
Q

Interneurons

A

located completely within the CNS + integrate functions of the nervous system

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6
Q

Somatic motor neurons

A

reflexes and voluntary control of skeletal muscles

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7
Q

Autonomic motor neurons

A

innervate involuntary targets (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands)

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8
Q

Pseudounipolar

A

single short process, branches like a T to form 2 longer processes
- sensory neurons

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9
Q

Bipolar

A

2 processes, one on either end
- retina of eye

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10
Q

Multipolar

A

several dendrites and one axon
- most common, motor neurons

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11
Q

Schwann Cells

A

form myelin sheaths around peripheral axons
- in PNS

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12
Q

Satellite Cells

A

support cell bodies within the ganglia of the PNS

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13
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths around CNS neuron axons

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14
Q

Microglia

A

migrate around CNS tissue and phagocytize foreign and degenerative material

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15
Q

Astrocytes

A

regulate the external environment of the neurons

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16
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line the ventricles central canal of spinal cord, secrete cerebrospinal fluid

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17
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between Schwann cells on axons of neurons in PNS

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18
Q

White matter

A

myelinated neurons

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19
Q

Grey matter

A

unmyelinated neurons

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20
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

capillaries in the brain don’t have pores between adjacent cells, joined by tight joint junctions
- substances can only be moves by very selective processes of diffusion through endothelial cells, ion channels, transport proteins and active transport

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21
Q

Polarized

A

Neurons at rest, inside is negative

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22
Q

Depolarized

A

Membrane potential inside the cell increases due to Na+ moving into cell

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23
Q

Repolarization

A

Return to resting potential (K+ exits the cell)

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24
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

membrane potential inside the cell decrease (become VERY negative), due to K+ leaving the cells
- inhibits immediate depolarization

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25
K+ Channels
not gated (always open) - voltage gated = open when a membrane potential (+30 mV) is reached, closing at resting potential
26
Na+ Channels
Voltage-gated only - closed at rest, open if potential depolarizes to -55 mV, Na+ enters - deactivated at +30 mV
27
All-or-None Law
once threshold is reached, action potential will happen - size of stimulus does not equal size/duration of action potential - stronger stimulus = more frequent action potentials, recruitment of neurons
28
Refractory Periods
after an action potential, neuron cannot become excited again
29
Absolute Refractory Period
during the action potential, Na+ channels are inactive
30
Relative Refractory Period
K+ channels are still open, only a very strong stimulus can overcome - during hyperpolarization
31
Conduction rate
Only occurs in Nodes of Ranvier (in myelinated neurons) - increased by diameter of neuron and myelination
32
Synapse
functional connection between a neuron and the cell it is signaling - chemical vs electical
33
Electrical Synapse
Passage of ions across gap junctions - faster, can occur in both directions - no independent action, forced to do a coordinated action - ie. smooth muscle. cardiac muscle, brain neurons, neuroglial cells
34
Chemical Synapse
Release a chemical (neurotransmitter) from a terminal bouton, most common - specific interaction depending on NT
35
Graded Potential
- ligand-regulated gates open = membrane potential changes (depending on which ion channel opens)
36
EPSP
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential - graded depolarization - opening Na+/Ca+ channels
37
IPSP
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential - graded hyperpolarization - Opening K+/Cl-
38
ACh
Acetylcholine - NT, directly opens ion channels when bound to its receptor - excitatory or inhibitory depending on organ (Excitatory in ALL somatic motor neurons)
39
Nicotinic ACh receptor
Can be stimulated by nicotine - found in: end plate of skeletal muscle cells, autonomic ganglia, some parts of the brain - Ligand-Gated channel
40
Muscarinic ACh receptor
Can be stimulated by muscarine - found in: autonomic nervous system, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands - G-protein Coupled Channels
41
AChE
Acetylcholinesterase - enzyme that deactivates ACh shortly after binds to the receptor, hydrolyzes ACh into acetate and choline (which are reused in presynaptic cells)
42
Monoamines
regulatory molecules from amino acids ie. Catecholamines, Serotonin, Histamine
43
Serotonin
Used by neurons in the raphe nuclei Made by L-tryptophan Implications in mood, behavior, appetite
44
SSRI
Serotonin Specific Reuptake Inhibitors - treat depression - ie prozac, paxil, zoloft, lexa pro, Luvox
45
Dopamine
Dopaminergic Neurons: motor and emotional control Involved in emotional reward systems and associated with addictions such as nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs
46
Parkinson's Disease
Caused by degeneration in dopaminergic neurons - treated by L-dopa and MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
47
Schizophrenia
Too much dopamine - drugs to treat inhibit dopamine
48
Glutamate
the major excitatory NT in the brain - glutamate receptors = ion channels
49
Glycine
NT to produce IPSPs - opens Cl- channels, makes it harder to reach threshold - important for antagonistic skeletal muscle contraction
50
GABA
Gamma-aminobutyric Acid - most common NT in the brain - inhibitory, opening Cl- - motor control
51
Huntington's Disease
Degeneration of GABA-secreting neurons in the cerebellum
52
Neuropeptide Y
Most abundant neuropeptide in the brain - stress response, circadian rhythm, cardiovascular control - stimulates hunger (leptin inhibits when full) - inhibits release of glutamate
53
Endocannabinoids
NT that binds to the same receptors as THC - affects GABA, Glutamate, ACh G-protein-coupled receptors in the brain
54
Nitric Oxide
Gas made from L-arginine - Diffuses across the presynaptic axon plasma membrane into the target cell to activate the production of cGMP (second messenger) - blood vessel dilation, kills bacteria
55
Divergence
one presynaptic neuron forms synapses with several postsynaptic neurons
56
Convergence
many presynaptic neurons form synapses with one postsynaptic neuron
57
Spatial summation
occurs due to convergence of signals into one postsynaptic neuron - all EPSP and IPSP are added together at one axon hillock
58
Temporal summation
due to successive waves of neurotransmitter release that add up together at the initial segment of the axon hillock
59
Synaptic plasticity
repeated use of a neural pathway = strengthen OR reduce synaptic transmission in that pathway - ability of synapses to change
60
Long-term potentiation
repeated stimulation = enhanced excitability - in the hippocampus (where memories are stored)
61
Long-term depression
suppressed transmission due to non-use - learning is impaired

Physiology (15 decks)

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