chapter 7 part 2

Question 1

vitamin B6

• active forms
• function as a ___ with over 100 enzymes in protein metabolism too (4)
• daily needs (men and women)

Answer 1

• pyridoxine (plants), pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine
• coenzyme; 1. make nonessential AA, convert tryptophan to niacin and hemoglobin to RBC
  2. keep immune and nervous systems healthy
  3. metabolize fats and carbs and breakdown glycogen
• men: 1.3-1.7 mg/day; women 1.3-1.5 mg.day

Question 2

vitamin B6

• food sources
• UL
• deficiency symptoms
• who is at risk due to poor diet

Answer 2

• meat, fish, poultry, fortified cereals, nuts, legumes, peanut butter, and many fruits and veggies
• 100 mg/day to prevent nerve damage
• sore tongue, skin inflammation, depression, confusion, anemia
• those with alcoholism because it causes body to lose B6

Question 3

Folate

• definition
• folic acid
• 4 functions

Answer 3

• naturally occurring form in foods
• synthetic form of folate added to foods and supplements
• 1. vital for DNA synthesis
     
     2. create and maintain new cells
     3. help body use AA
     4. reduces some risks of cancer

Question 4

folate deficiency during pregnancy

• can result in
• ex

Answer 4

can result in neural tube birth defects

-spina bifida and anencephaly

Question 5

folate

• adult daily needs
• how is folic acid absorbed
• pregnant women need how much more extra
• food sources

Answer 5

• 400 ug of dietary folate equivalents (DFE)
• 1.7 times more efficiently than folate found naturally in foods
• 400 ug extra from fortified foods/supplements
• enriched grains (rice, pasta), legumes, broccoli, asparagus, leafy greens

Question 6

folate

• UL
• consuming too much folic acid
• folate deficiency can lead to

Answer 6

• 1000 ug/day of folic acid from enriched/fortified foods and supplements
• masks vitamin B12 deficiency anemia
• macrocytic anemia

Question 7

macrocytic anemia

• definition
• causes what

Answer 7

• large immature RBC become marcocytes (unable to carry O2)

- exhaustion, irritability, shortness of breath

Question 8

Vitamin B12

• also called___ because
• requires what

Answer 8

• cobalamine because it contains the element cobalt

- intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed in sm intestine

Question 9

intrinsic factor

Answer 9

protein made in stomach

Question 10

pernicious anemia

• definition
• treatment
• how long does it take symptoms to appear

Answer 10

• results in people who cant make intrinsic factor
• requires B12 injection to bypass intestine
• years because B12 is stored in liver

Question 11

Vitamin B12

• 3 functions
• adult daily needs
• ability to absorb naturally occuring B12 from foods ___

Answer 11

• 1. to make DNA
     
     2. to use certain FA and AA
     3. for healthy nerves and cells especially RBCs
• 2.4 ug/day
• declines with age

Question 12

Vitamin B12

• food sources of naturally occuring B12
• food sources of synthetic B12
• UL
• deficiency can cause

Answer 12

• only in animal foods
• found in fortified foods such as soy milk and some cereals
• no UL set since there is no known risk from consuming to much
• macrocytic anemia because folate cant be utilized properly

Question 13

Vitamin C

• aka
• acts as a
• 4 functions

Answer 13

• ascorbic acid
• coenzyme to synthesize and use certain AA
• 1. needed to make collagen
     
     2. acts as an antioxidant
     3. helps absorb iron from plant foods
     4. boosts immune system

Question 14

Vitamin C

• daily needs (men and women)
• how do most americans meet these needs
• ex
• food sources

Answer 14

• men: 90 mg/day; women: 75 mg/day
• meets needs by consuming fruits and veggies
• 1 cup of OJ/day
• fruits and veggies (tomatoes, broccoli, peppers, oranges, cantaloupe)

Question 15

Vitamin C

• UL; to avoid
• deficiency disease

Answer 15

• 2000 mg/day to avoid nausea, stomach cramps,diarrhea and kidney stones
• scurvy

Question 16

scurvy

-symptoms

Answer 16

bleeding gums, rough rash, curling arm hair, unhealing wounds, bruising

Question 17

Myths and facts about the common cold

• truth about catching the common cold
• vitamin c and the common cold
• other cold remedies
• what can you do to avoid in

Answer 17

• direct or indirect contact with cold virus
• research shows that vit C to be ineffective in preventing colds, but may reduce severity in some people
• echinaea and zinc (jury is still out)
• wash hands with soap and water frequently

Question 18

Pantohenic acid and biotin

• function
• daily needs of pantothenic acid
• daily needs of biotin
• food sources
• what is biotin synthesized by

Answer 18

• assist in energy metabolism of carbs, fats and protein
• 5 mg/day
• 30 ug/day
• widespread in foods such as whole grains, cereals, nuts, legumes, pb etc
• intestinal bacteria

Question 19

Pantothenic acid and biotin
-UL
-adverse effects?
are deficiencies common or rare
-Pantothenic acid deficiency
-biotin deficiency

Answer 19

• no UL
• no
• rare
• burning feet syndrome seen in WWII prisoners
• hair loss, skin rash, fatigue, nausea, and depression

Question 20

Avidin protein

• found in
• what does it do
• prevents

Answer 20

• raw egg whites
• binds biotin
• absorption

Question 21

Choline

• definition
• is it classified as a vitamin
• can body synthesize it
• daily needs (men and women)
• found in
• UL, to prevent

Answer 21

• essential nutrient needed for healthy cells and nerves
• no
• yes but it needs to supplement with dietary sources
• men: 550 mg; women: 425 mg
• milk, eggs, peanuts, liver
• 3500 mg/day to prevent hypotension, sweating, vomiting, fishy odor

Question 22

carnitine

• essential or non essential
• needed to
• are there deficiencies
• sources
• why are supplements taken and is there research

Answer 22

• non essential
• utilize fat as energy
• no
• meat and dairy
• to enhance athletic performance; no

Question 23

inositol

• essential or non essential
• needed to
• sources

Answer 23

• non essentials
• keep cell membranes healthy
• plants

Question 24

fortified foods

• definition
• can provide what
• excessive use can do what

Answer 24

• foods that have nutrients added to them
• additional nutrients but should not displace vitamin/mineral rich foods
• increase risk of overconsumption of some nutrients

Question 25

who might benefit from a supplement | -ex

Answer 25

- people who cannot meet their needs through a regular, varied diet - pregnant or lactating women, older people, strict vegetarians, people with food allergies

Question 26

FDA and food - when is approval not required - when can they remove supplements from the marketplace

Answer 26

- not required for ingredients in use prior to 1994 | - when it is shown to be harmful

Question 27

United states pharmacopoeia (USP)

Answer 27

seal of approval that ensures quality and safety but does not endorse or validate health claims