Chapter 7 Skeletal System Flashcards
1
Q
frontal bone
A
forehead
2
Q
parietal bones
A
upper sides of the skull
3
Q
temporal bones
A
temple area
4
Q
occipital bone
A
back of the head
5
Q
sphenoid bones
A
outside the eyesocket
6
Q
ethmoid bones
A
inside the eye socket
7
Q
maxilla
A
upper jaw
8
Q
palatine bones
A
roof of mouth
9
Q
zygomatic bones
A
cheekbones
10
Q
lacrimal bones
A
inside the eye socket with grooves for tears
11
Q
nasal bone
A
bridge of nose
12
Q
vomer bone
A
divides the nostrils
13
Q
inferior conchae
A
lower sides of nose
14
Q
mandible
A
lower jaw
15
Q
ossicles of middle ear
A
malleus, incus, stapes
16
Q
hyoid bone
A
in the neck; point of attachment for the tongue
17
Q
vertebral column
A
cervical (C1-C7), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacrum, coccyx
C1-atlas
C2-axis
18
Q
sternum
A
manubrium, body, xiphoid process
19
Q
true ribs
A
first seven attached to sternum
20
Q
false ribs
A
next three indirectly attached to sternum
21
Q
floating ribs
A
last two not attached to sternum
22
Q
clavicle
A
collarbone
23
Q
scapulae
A
shoulder blades
24
Q
humerus
A
upper arm
25
forearm
radius (thumb side) and ulna (pinky side)
26
carpals
wrist
27
metacarpals
palms; 1-5 thumb-pinky
28
phalanges
fingers and toes; proximal, middle, distal
29
coxal bonés
hips
ilium (upper), ischium (sitting bone), pubis (pubic area)
30
femur
thigh
31
patella
knee cap
32
tibia
weight bearing
pairs with fibula
33
fibula
small bone that forms the outer ankle
pairs with tibia
34
tarsal bones
ankle bones and heel
35
calcaneus
heel bone
36
metatarsals
instep; 1-5 big toe-little toe
37
What are the five functions of bones?
support/framework, protection, movement, storage of nutrients, blood cell formation
38
What word means the production of blood and blood cells?
hematopoiesis
39
What types of bones have a long longitudinal axes and expanded ends?
long bones
40
What types of bones have roughly equal length and width?
short bones
41
What type of bones are typically small and nodular and develop within a tendon or adjacent to a joint?
sesamoid (round) bones
42
What type of bones have platelike structures with broad surfaces?
flat bones
43
What type of bones have a variety of shapes and usually are connected to several other bones?
irregular bones
44
What is the end of a long bone called? (proximal and distal)
epiphysis
45
What covers the ends of bones at joints (slippery)?
articular cartilage
46
What is the shaft or middle of the bone called?
diaphysis
47
What is fibrous connective tissue that covers the surface of the bone?
periosteum
48
What is dense bone tissue?
compact bone
49
What is bone tissue with lots of pores?
spongy bone
50
What are branching bony plates in spongy bone?
trabeculae
51
What is in the diaphysis of a long bone and contains bone marrow?
endosteum
52
What is connective tissue and bone that includes stem cells?
marrow
53
What does red marrow do?
produce blood cells
54
What does yellow marrow do?
store fat
55
blast
bud
56
carp
wrist
57
clast
break
58
inter
among, between
59
intra
inside
60
poie
make, produce
61
What are bones that originate between membrane-like layers of connective tissue?
intramembranous bones
62
What is a bone that begins as hyaline cartilage and subsequently replaced by bone tissue?
endochondral bone
63
What is the formation of bone?
ossification
64
What is the primary ossification center?
the diaphysis
65
What are the secondary ossification centers?
the epiphysis
66
What is the embryonic skeleton made mostly of?
hyaline cartilage
67
How many bones are you born with and how many do they form into?
300 into 206
68
What are membranous regions between cranial bones in the skull of a fetus or infant?
fontanels
69
What’s another name for fontanels?
soft spots
70
Why do babies have fontanels?
to allow the skull to compress slightly during birth and allow room for brain growth
71
Where does bone growth take place?
epiphyseal plate
72
What happens to epiphyseal plates overtime?
they ossify and turn to bone
73
If in epiphyseal plate is damaged before it ossifies, what may occur?
bone growth may prematurely cease
74
What are bone forming cells?
osteoblasts
75
What are cells that break down bone matrix?
osteoclasts
76
What controls the growth of long bone?
hormones
environment can also effect:sunlight, exercise, nutrition, etc.
77
When does bone growth end?
when the epiphyseal plates are completely converted to bones
78
Why do we need vitamin D?
for calcium absorption
79
What is a vitamin D deficiency in children called?
rickets
80
What is a vitamin D deficiency in adults called?
osteomalacia
81
why do we need vitamin A?
it is necessary for osteoblast and osteoclast activity
82
Why do we need vitamin C?
it is required for collagen synthesis which gives bones strength
83
How do you the sex hormones, testosterone and estrogen, promote bone growth?
they cause bones to grow during puberty
84
How does exercise promote bone growth?
physical exercise pulls on muscular attachments to bones which stresses the bone and stimulates it to thicken and strengthen
85
What is it called when a broken bone is exposed to the outside by an opening in the skin?
a compound fracture
86
What is it called when a broken bone is not exposed to the outside?
a simple fracture
87
What is an incomplete fracture where the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone?
greenstick fracture
88
What is an incomplete longitudinal break called?
fissured fracture
89
What is a complete fracture that fragments the bone?
comminuted fracture
90
What is a complete fracture where the break a curse at a right angle to the axis of the bone?
transverse fracture
91
What is it called when a break occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the bones axis?
oblique fracture
92
What type of break is caused by excessive twisting of a bone?
spiral fracture
93
List the steps in the repair of a fracture.
1. Blood escape from the ruptured vessels and forms a hematoma.
2. Spongy bone forms in regions close to developing blood vessels and fibrocartilage in distant regions.
3. A hard callus replaces the fibrocartilage.
4. Osteoclasts remove excess bony tissue, restoring new bone structure.
