Chapter 7 Tumors

Question 1

adenoma

Answer 1

benign from glands

Question 2

papilloma

Answer 2

benign from epithelium

Question 3

cystadenoma

Answer 3

cystic mass

Question 4

sarcoma

Answer 4

malignant from mesenchymal tissue

Question 5

leukemia

Answer 5

*always malignant from blood forming cells

Question 6

lymphoma

Answer 6

*always malignant from lymphocytes

Question 7

carcinoma

Answer 7

malignant from any of the 3 germs layers

Question 8

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 8

malignant that looks like stratified squamous epithelium

Question 9

adenocarcinoma

Answer 9

malignant that grows in glandular fashion

Question 10

pleomorphic adenoma

Answer 10

mixed tumor can produce epithelial or myoepithelial cells

Question 11

teratoma

Answer 11

mixed tumor contain immature or mature cells from more than 1 germ layer

Question 12

hamartoma

Answer 12

benign tumor resembling tissue of origin

Question 13

choristoma

Answer 13

ectopic tissue growth but resembles tissue of origin

Question 14

dermoid cyst

Answer 14

ovarian cyst teratoma
can be benign or malignant
has hair, sebaceous glands and tooth structure in it

Question 15

example of choristoma

Answer 15

mature cells form pancreatic nodule found in submucosa of stomach, duodenum, or small intestine

Question 16

lipoma

Answer 16

benign tumor of adipocytes

Question 17

pleomorphism

Answer 17

variation in shape and size

Question 18

hyperchromatic

Answer 18

Nuclei are large for the cell

Chromatin is clumped together

Question 19

dysplasia

Answer 19

changes that cause loss of architectural orientation

Question 20

difference between metaplasia and dysplasia

Answer 20

metaplasia is replacement by another cell type

dysplasia is a irregularity that hinders maturation in a tissue

Question 21

carcinoma in situ

Answer 21

preinvasive neoplasm

involved full epithelium but doesn’t invade basement membrane

Question 22

when is a tumor considered invasive?

Answer 22

when the tumor cell breaches the basement membrane

Question 23

glioma

Answer 23

malignant tumor of CNS

Question 24

basal cell carcinoma

Answer 24

malignant tumor of the skin

Question 25

pseudomyxoma

Answer 25

malignant tumor starting in appendix that secrete mucus that extends into peritoneal cavity

Question 26

sentinel node

Answer 26

first lymphatic that receives lymph flow from primary tumor

Question 27

renal cell carcinoma metastasis

Answer 27

invade renal vein and can go back to IVC and hurt heart

Question 28

thyroid and prostate metastasis

Answer 28

invade paravertebral plexus and cause vertebral masses

Question 29

hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis

Answer 29

invade hepatic and portal veins

Question 30

what environmental factor is responsible for most cervical carcinomas

Answer 30

HPV from sexual contact

Question 31

most important environmental factor for premature death in US

Answer 31

smoking

Question 32

environmental factor for oropharynx, larynx, esophagus, and hepatocellular carcinomas

Answer 32

alcohol consumption

Question 33

environmental factor for colorectal, prostate and breast carcinomas

Answer 33

diet

Question 34

environmental factor for breast and endometrial cancer

Answer 34

long exposure of estrogen with no progesterone

Question 35

common childhood and infancy neoplasms (5)

Answer 35

``` Small round blue cell tumors Wilms tumor Retinoblastoma Acute leukemias Rhabdomyosarcomas ```

Question 36

example of small round blue cell tumors

Answer 36

Neuroblastoma

Question 37

what can leukoplakia evolve into?

Answer 37

squamous carcinoma

Question 38

leukoplakia

Answer 38

thickening of epithelium in oral cavity, penis or vulva

Question 39

who is the governor of proliferation

Answer 39

RB | *especially when interacting with E7 protein

Question 40

when is RB active

Answer 40

in hypophosphorylated state

Question 41

when is RB inactive

Answer 41

in hyperphosphorylated state

Question 42

function of RB

Answer 42

inhibitor/negative regulator of the G1/S cell cycle transition

Question 43

E7 protein function

Answer 43

neutralize the growth factor of RB functionally inactivates RB ex. E7 on the HPV virus binding RB

Question 44

What happens if E7 binds to RB

Answer 44

RB becomes hyperphosphorylated causing it to be active and send cells through the cell cycle

Question 45

Loss of p53

Answer 45

DNA damage goes unrepaired through the cell cycle

Question 46

what tumors are resistant to chemotherapy and irradiation? why?

Answer 46

lung and colorectal cancers because they have a mutated TP53

Question 47

what tumors respond to chemotherapy and irradiation? why?

Answer 47

testicular teratocarcinoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia because they have wild-type TP53 and are killed

Question 48

systemic signs and symptoms in advanced cancers (3)

Answer 48

inflammation fatigue cachexia

Question 49

function of miRNA

Answer 49

modulate mRNA translation but do not encode proteins

Question 50

decreased expression of miRNA and increased translation of oncogenic mRNA

Answer 50

tumor repressive activity | *tumor suppressive miRs

Question 51

increased expression of miRNA

Answer 51

onco-miRs | repressed expression of tumor suppressor genes

Question 52

translocations in chronic myelogenous leukemia

Answer 52

9 and 22 | ABL and BCR

Question 53

translocations in acute myeloid leukemia

Answer 53

8, 21 | 15, 17

Question 54

translocations in Burkitt lymphoma

Answer 54

8, 14

Question 55

translocations in Mantle cell lymphoma

Answer 55

11, 14

Question 56

translocations in follicular lymphoma

Answer 56

14, 18