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COM MOD 2 > Chapter 9 Key Concepts > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Key Concepts Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What are environmental diseases?

A

conditions caused by exposure to chemical or physical agents in the ambient, workplace and personal environments

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2
Q

Exogenous chemicals

A

called xenobiotics
enter the body through inhalation, ingestion, and skin contact
can be eliminated or accumulate in fat, bone, brain, and tissue

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3
Q

Conversion of Xenobiotics

A

into nontoxic products or can activate to generate toxic compound
Use 2 phase reaction process that involved cytochrome P-450

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4
Q

Most important and common air pollutants (4)

A

ozone, sulfur dioxide, acid aerosols, and particles less than 10um in diameter

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5
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning

A

cause of death from accidents and suicide

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6
Q

Mechanism of CO poisoning

A

bind hemoglobin with high-affinity leading to systemic asphyxiation associated with CNS depression

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7
Q

Indoor pollutants (4)

A

smokes, bioaerosols, radon, formaldehyde

can accumulate and cause disease

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8
Q

Toxic heavy metal in human (4)

A

lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium

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9
Q

Children and metal toxicity

A

absorb more ingested lead than adults

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10
Q

Main source of lead exposure for children

A

lead-containing paint in older houses

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11
Q

Excess lead in children and adults (4)

A

CNS defects in children
Peripheral neuropathy in adults
Remodeling cartilage
Cause anemia by interfering with hemoglobin synthesis

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12
Q

Major course of mercury contamination

A

fish

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13
Q

Result of mercury contamination

A

accumulation of methyl mercury in CNS

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14
Q

Fetus and mercury exposure

A

lead to Minamata disease

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15
Q

Minamata disease characteristics

A

cerebral palsy, deafness, and blindness

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16
Q

Where is arsenic found?

A

naturally in soil and food and component of wood preservatives and herbicides

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17
Q

What does excess arsenic interfere with?

A

mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and protein function

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18
Q

Resulting effects of excess arsenic

A

acute GI tract, CNS, cardiovascular deficits

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19
Q

Long-term exposure to excess arsenic

A

skin lesions and carcinomas

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20
Q

Where is cadmium found?

A

nickel-cadmium batteries

chemical fertilizers in soil

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21
Q

Results of excess cadmium

A

obstructive lung disease and kidney damage

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22
Q

What is the most prevalent preventable cause of human death?

A

smoking

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23
Q

What in tobacco smoke is responsible for addiction? (4)

A

nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, and aromatic amines

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24
Q

What percent of lung cancers occur in smokers?

A

90%

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25
What tobacco can cause oral cancer?
smokeless tobacco
26
Tobacco interaction with alcohol
multiplying the risk of oral, laryngeal, and esophageal cancer increases the risk of lung cancers form occupational exposures
27
What other diseases is tobacco a risk factor for? (4)
atherosclerosis myocardial infarction peripheral vascular disease cerebrovascular disease
28
What lung complications can tobacco predispose someone to?
emphysema, chronic bronchitis, and chornic obstructive disease
29
Maternal smoking (3)
increases risk of abortion, premature birth, intauterine growth retardation
30
What does acute alcohol abuse cause?
dowsiness at blood levels appx 200 mg/dL
31
How is alcohol metabolized?
oxidize to acetaldehyde in liver by alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P-450 system, and catalase Acetaldehyde is converted to acetate in mitochondria and utilized in respiratory chain
32
Alcohol dehydrogenase
causes oxidation of alcohol and depletes NAD, leading to accumulation of fat in the liver and metabolic acidosis
33
Main effects of chronic alcoholism
fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis
34
Cirrhosis of liver
leads to portal hypertension and increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma
35
GI system and chronic alcoholism (4)
Bleeding from gastritis and ulcers Peripheral neuropathy from thiamine deficiency Alcoholic cardiomyopathy Acute and chronic pancreatitis
36
Cancer and chronic alcoholism
major risk factor for oral cavity, larynx, and esophageal cancers
37
Causes of drug injury
therapeutic drugs or nontherapeutic drugs
38
Most frequently used drugs
antineoplastic agents, anticoagulants, MHT preparations and oral contraceptives, acetominophen, and aspirin
39
MHT
increases risk of endometrial and breast cancers and thromboembolism does not protect against ischemic heart disease
40
Oral Contraceptives
protective effect against endometrial and ovarian cancers | increase risk of thromboembolism and hepatic adenomas
41
Overdose of acetaminophen
cause centrilobular liver necrosis leading to liver failure
42
Aspirin effects
blocks production of thromboxane A2 which may produce gastric ulceration and bleeding
43
Common drugs of abuse
``` sedative-hypnotics- ethanol psychomotor stimulants- cocaine, meth, ecstasy opioid narcotics- heroin, oxy-codone hallucinogens cannabinoids- marijuana ```
44
How can ionizing radiation injure cells?
directly or indirectly by generating free radicals from water or molecular oxygen
45
Ionizing radiation damage to DNA
rapidly dividing cells (germ cells, bone marrow, GI) are sensitive to radiation injury
46
How can DNA damage cause neoplasms
if DNA is not repaired and the mutations that predispose affected cells to neoplastic transformation
47
Ionizing radiation and vascular system
can cause vascular damage causing ischemic necrosis of parenchymal cells and replacement with fibrous tissue
48
2 main primary PEM syndromes
marasmus and kwashiorkor
49
Who does secondary PEM occur in?
chronically ill patients and patients with advances cancer
50
Characteristics of Kwashiorkor (5)
hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, fatty liver, skin changes, immune defects
51
What causes kwashiorkor?
diets low in protein but normal calories
52
Characteristics of Marasmus (2)
emaciation resulting from loss of muscle mass and fat, preservation of serum albumin
53
What causes marasmus?
diets severely lacking in calories both protein and nonprotein
54
Fat Soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
55
Vitamin A
required for vision, epithelial differentiation, immune function
56
Vitamin D
key regulator of calcium and phosphate homeostasis
57
Water Soluble vitamins of importance
C and B
58
Vitamin C
needed for collagen synthesis and collagen cross-linking and tensile stength
59
B vitamins
cellular metabolism
60
Obesity
disorder of energy regulation
61
Diseases associated with obesity (4)
insulin resistance type 2 diabetes hypertension hypertriglyceridemia
62
3 main components of regulation of energy balance
1. afferent signals- from insulin leptin ghrelin peptide YY 2. central hypothalamic system- integrates afferent and efferent signals 3. efferent signals- control energy balance
63
Leptin's role in energy balance
output from adipose tissue | increases energy consumption by stimulating POMC/CARd neurons and inhibiting NYP/AgRP neurons

COM MOD 2 (9 decks)

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