chapter 8

Question 1

a lot of phytoplankton occur in blank

Answer 1

chains

Question 2

three groups of phytoplankton

Answer 2

cyanobacteria, bacteria, and virus

Question 3

blue-green algae; photosynthetic bacteria

Answer 3

cyanobacteria

Question 4

stromatolites today are only found in blank and blank even though they used to be a global phenomenon

Answer 4

australia and the bahamas

Question 5

they produced so much oxygen at one point that it bubbled up and went into the atmosphere, allowing life to form outside of the ocean

Answer 5

the great oxygenation

Question 6

pro = early; examples are viruses and bacteria

Answer 6

prokaryotes

Question 7

eu = true; cells that formed later one; their dna is in a nucleus

Answer 7

eukaryotes

Question 8

what sea is north of turkey and south of ukraine? it has no oxgyen because there is too small of a connection to the global ocean to mix; it is black at about 100m down

Answer 8

the black sea

Question 9

this genus posesses a cell wall but lacks a nucleus; singe celled organisms that have been found in unusual environments where no living thing would be expected to survive

Answer 9

the archaea

Question 10

high densities of trichodesmium as seen from space may look like what

Answer 10

an oil spill

Question 11

a fluorescence photomicrograph of phytoplankton cells from the pacific ocean. red means what

Answer 11

that is has chlorophyll

Question 12

what does the yellow mean in that photomicrograph?

Answer 12

that it is cyanobacteria

Question 13

something that is self contained in terms of nutrition and that is photosynthetic and can make their own food

Answer 13

autotrophic

Question 14

something that has to eat other things and get nutrition from other sources

Answer 14

heterotrophic

Question 15

something that is photosynthetic but can eat other things; most algae are this and can switch between states if the nutrients are depleted in the area or if there is not enough sunlight

Answer 15

mixotrophic

Question 16

the unicellular chlorophyte genus chlamydomonas can have various what

Answer 16

body forms

Question 17

the domain eukarya includes four of the more common and larger phytoplankton taxa:

Answer 17

silicoflagellates, coccolithophores, diatoms, and dinoflagellates

Question 18

star shaped skeletons of silica

Answer 18

silicoflagellates

Question 19

sand, glass, and quartz are all what

Answer 19

silicon dioxide

Question 20

unicellular phytoplankton that has an outer skeleton comprised of calcium carbonate plates or coccoliths

Answer 20

coccolithophores

Question 21

what do coccolithophores produce

Answer 21

calcium carbonate

Question 22

what do coccolithophores do?

Answer 22

they hold off the greenhouse effect by taking carbon dioxide and sinking it into the ocean

Question 23

penna means what

Answer 23

shaped like a feather or linear

Question 24

there are various diatom species; circular or what

Answer 24

pennatate

Question 25

what form chains to slow down their sinking rate allowing them to photosynthesize more?

Answer 25

diatoms

Question 26

how do centric (circular but like an extrusion) reproduce

Answer 26

asexually through cell division

Question 27

what can happen through centric diatom cell division

Answer 27

various sizing

Question 28

what population can "bloom" explosively because of how often they divide their cells? for example, if they divide once a day for three days there would be 8 cells but if you continued for three weeks you would have 2 million of them

Answer 28

phytoplankton

Question 29

what photosynthesizes and eats other animals and translates to dancing or twirling

Answer 29

dinoflagellates

Question 30

what blooms kill fish, show up during late august or early september, and create rust tides?

Answer 30

cochlodinium

Question 31

the water you add into a boat to get it into the right depth of water

Answer 31

ballast water

Question 32

dinoflagellates eat what at the same time that they are photosynthesizing?

Answer 32

cytoplasm

Question 33

some dinoflagellates species are capable of this, giving off light

Answer 33

bioluminescence

Question 34

what feeds on phytoplankton? if these eat phytoplankton that have toxins in them, they will pass it onto you and these are lethal poisons that kill people

Answer 34

blue mussels and clams

Question 35

colored water

Answer 35

red tides

Question 36

monitoring of these took off in 2006

Answer 36

red tide and shellfish

Question 37

1987, 14 humpback whales washed up dead from toxic alexandrium cells; they had been feeding on herring that were full of what toxins; if they can kill whales they can kill humans; this was new information on how toxins travel through a food chain

Answer 37

red tide

Question 38

nutrient depletions cause what blooms to crash in the late spring and early summer

Answer 38

dinoflagellates

Question 39

what dominates upwelling zones

Answer 39

diatoms

Question 40

what dominates the warm water

Answer 40

dinoflagellates

Question 41

what starts off as a cyst in the ground that stays through the winter until temperatures rise in the spring

Answer 41

diatoms