Chapter 8 Flashcards
What is Eriksons “stage 2’ of personality development
stage 2 is “autonomy vs shame and doubt (19 months - 3 years)
- kids explore their own environment to gain skills and build self-esteem
- well cared for children will explore their environment with pride rather than shame
What is Eriksons “Stage 3” of personality development
stage 3 is “initiative vs guilt” (4-5 years)
- this stage is where children copy their role models by taking initiative in creating play situations
- making up stories and playing character roles
What is the difference between restrictive and permissive parenting
Restrictive = putting standards/rules in place, that has positive consequences for a child when combined with strong support and affection
Permissive = not enforcing a standard of behaviour, so children learn to regulate themselves, create their own rules
Diana Baumrind studies the relationship between parenting styles and the development of competent behaviour with children. She used dimensions of warmth/coldness with restrictiveness/permissiveness, and came up with 4 different parenting styles, name and explain each one.
Authoritative = restrictiveness and warmth
- parents are highly restrictive and make demands for maturity, but also reason with their children and show support and love
Authoritarian = restrictiveness and no warmth
- “because I say so” type of energy very controlling and do not communicate with their children
Permissive-Indulgent = lots of warmth and support but no restrictiveness or control, easygoing
Rejecting-neglecting = no restrictiveness or warmth, not responsive and no support
What is inductive reasoning
explaining to your child what kind of behaviour is good and what is not
What are the two types of responses a child may have when their parents have another child
Regression - baby like behaviours = increase in clinging, crying, and toilet accidents
More indépendance and maturity - feeding/dressing themselves, helping out with the baby
How are first borns compared to later-born children
First borns are meow highly motivated to achieve and preform better academically, and are more cooperative and less aggressive.
What is the difference between functional play and symbolic play
functional = repetitive motor activity, such as tolling a ball, running, and laughing (beginning of sensorimotor stage)
symbolic = pretend play, imaginative play, or dramatic play (end of sensorimotor stage, children create settings, characters, and scripts
What is the difference between Constructive play and Formal games
Constructive = using objects or materials to draw or make something, like a tower of blocks
Formal games = games with rules (boardgames, hop scotch, video games, etc.O
What is Prosocial behaviour (altruism)
Behaviour that is intended to benefit another without expectation of reward (sharing, cooperating, and helping others in distress)
Explain how genetics can play a part in aggressiveness in men
testosterone is related to feelings of self-confidence, high activity levels, and aggressiveness
What has a powerful influence on children’s aggressive behaviours (Bandura)
televised models (television) disinhibit aggressive behaviour
What is Gender Role Socialization
the process of females learning to become “women” and males learning to become “men”
What is gender stability and what is gender constancy
Stability = the concept that ones sex us unchanging
Constancy = the concept that ones sex remains the same despite changes in behaviour or appearance
What is the Gender-schema Theory
The theory that societies “gender-based concepts’ shape our assumptions of gender-typed preferences and behaviour patterns
