chapter 8

Question 1

what are carbohydrates?

Answer 1

single sugars, end in ‘ose’, and made of C, H, O

Question 2

what is a monosaccharide?

Answer 2

single sugar unit made of all isomers of C6H12O6

Question 3

what do galactose, maltose, glucose and fructose have in common?

Answer 3

all monosaccharides

Question 4

what is created by 2 monosaccharides joined?

Answer 4

disaccharides

Question 5

what disaccharide is made from the connection of glucose and fructose combining?

Answer 5

sucrose and water

Question 6

what is combined to create lactose and water?

Answer 6

glucose and galactose

Question 7

what is combined with itself to create maltose and water?

Answer 7

glucose

Question 8

what is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 8

when larger molecules are formed by the removal of water

Question 9

what is starch’s function?

Answer 9

store energy within a plant

Question 9

what is hydrolysis?

Answer 9

the separation of larger molecules by the addition of water

Question 10

what are polysaccharides?

Answer 10

carbohydrates composed of many single sugars

Question 11

what is glycogen?

Answer 11

chains of glucose in the liver that are broken down when energy is needed

Question 12

what is cellulose’s function?

Answer 12

make up plant cell walls

Question 13

what are lipids?

Answer 13

insoluble molecules that stores extra energy, protects organs, insulation, cell membrane, etc

Question 14

what are lipids made of?

Answer 14

fatty acids and glycerol

Question 15

what are proteins made of?

Answer 15

amino acids

Question 16

what are carbohydrates made of?

Answer 16

monosaccharides

Question 17

what is the temporary shape change of a protein called?

Answer 17

denaturation

Question 18

what is deamination?

Answer 18

the removal of nitrogen containing group on an amino acid

Question 19

what is coagulation?

Answer 19

the permanent change of a protein shape

Question 20

what is the substance on which an enzyme acts?

Answer 20

substrates

Question 21

what is the active site?

Answer 21

the area of an enzyme that combines with the substrate

Question 22

what is a coenzyme?

Answer 22

organic molecules from vitamins that assist enzymes catalyze the reaction

Question 23

what is the inorganic enzyme that helps an enzyme bind with a substrate?

Answer 23

cofactors

Question 24

why does pH affect the reaction rate?

Answer 24

enzymes are only "active" at a certain pH

Question 25

what determines a molecules pH?

Answer 25

shape and molecular properties

Question 26

what is the pH of trypsin?

Answer 26

9

Question 27

where is pepsin found?

Answer 27

the stomach (low pH)

Question 28

why does the substrate concentration change the reaction rate?

Answer 28

the greater the concentration of substrates, the more collisions there are, the higher the reaction rate

Question 29

how does the temperature affect reaction rate?

Answer 29

the higher the temperature the higher the reaction rate (only until 37 C)

Question 30

how does the concentration of competitive inhibitors change reaction rate?

Answer 30

because competitive inhibitors and substrates have similar shapes, if the inhibitors bind to the enzymes substrates can no longer bind (rate is lowered)

Question 31

what are the four components of the digestive system, in order?

Answer 31

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and egestion

Question 32

what is the intake of nutrients called?

Answer 32

ingestion

Question 33

what is digestion?

Answer 33

the break down of molecules

Question 34

what happens during absorption?

Answer 34

digested material is transported to cells

Question 35

what is the removal of waste from the body called?

Answer 35

egestion

Question 36

what is physical digestion?

Answer 36

the mechanical breakdown of food (chewing)

Question 37

what is chemical digestion?

Answer 37

certain enzymes to break down nutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, into smaller molecules (amylase, maltase, sucrase, lactase)

Question 38

what is peristalsis?

Answer 38

the movement of bolus (food) in the esophagus. wave like contractions of the smooth muscle

Question 39

which enzyme is used to BREAK DOWN proteins?

Answer 39

pepsin

Question 40

how is pepsinogen formed?

Answer 40

addition of HCl

Question 41

where is HCl found in the body?

Answer 41

the stomach

Question 42

what does HCl do in the stomach?

Answer 42

breaks down food into simple nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins and kills harmful substances

Question 43

where is trypsin found in the body

Answer 43

pancreas

Question 44

which enzyme helps DIGEST proteins? (long chains into polypeptides)

Answer 44

trypsin

Question 45

how is trypsin formed?

Answer 45

enterokinase converts trypsinogen into trypsin

Question 46

where is amylase formed?

Answer 46

the mouth/saliva

Question 47

which enzyme breaks down starch into maltase?

Answer 47

amylase

Question 48

which body part regulates the food entering the stomach? (also prevents acid from entering the esophagus)

Answer 48

the esophageal sphincter

Question 49

what are gland cells?

Answer 49

the stomach line that releases gastric juices

Question 50

what are gastric juices made up of?

Answer 50

pepsin, rennin, HCl, and mucus

Question 51

what is bile?

Answer 51

an alkaline fluid that helps with digestion

Question 52

where does bile come from and where is stored?

Answer 52

the pancreas, the gallbladder

Question 53

what is the scientific name for a ball of food?

Answer 53

bolus

Question 54

how is jaundice contracted?

Answer 54

obstruction of the bile duct. bile builds up in blood possibly destroying red blood cells

Question 55

how are gallstones formed?

Answer 55

high cholesterol causes bile salts to harden in the gallbladder

Question 56

what is cirrhosis?

Answer 56

severe scarring of the liver that can cause liver failure

Question 57

what causes cirrhosis?

Answer 57

alcoholism, hepatitis, etc.

Question 58

what are the four sphincters?

Answer 58

the lower esophageal sphincter, the pyloric sphincter, the ileocecal sphincter, internal anal sphincter

Question 59

what do bile salts do?

Answer 59

break down fat

Question 60

what does the liver do?

Answer 60

breaks down hemoglobin, stores vitamins, detoxify insoluble molecules, etc. (cleans the blood)

Question 61

what is an ulcer?

Answer 61

holes in the mucus layer of the stomach (usually)

Question 62

what is the largest part of the large intestine?

Answer 62

the colon

Question 63

what is the function of the colon?

Answer 63

the site where water is reabsorbed

Question 64

what is villi/microvilli?

Answer 64

the microscopic organisms that line the small intestine and increase surface area

Question 65

what is allosteric activity?

Answer 65

the change in an enzyme caused by the binding of a molecule

Question 66

what maintains equilibrium during enzyme activity?

Answer 66

feedback inhibition

Question 67

what is the activation of the last enzyme in a metabolic pathway?

Answer 67

precursor activity