Chapter 8

Question 1

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat,
and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

Answer 1

semantic

Question 2

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

Answer 2

memory

Question 3

Encoding information occurs through ________.

Answer 3

automatic processing and effortful processing

Question 3

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

Answer 3

semantic

Question 4

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has
less personal relevance?

Answer 4

self-reference effect

Question 4

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

Answer 4

visual

Question 4

Pan finds it difficult to learn the alphabet, until he hears the
alphabet song. Then he can easily remember it. This is an example of ________ encoding.

Answer 4

acoustic

Question 5

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

Answer 5

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

Question 6

What is procedural memory?

Answer 6

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Question 6

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

Answer 6

explicit memories

Question 7

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into
conscious awareness is known as ________.

Answer 7

retrieval

Question 8

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as
sights, sounds, and tastes?

Answer 8

sensory

Question 8

What is semantic memory?

Answer 8

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Question 9

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak
memories?

Answer 9

arousal theory

Question 9

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

Answer 9

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Question 9

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

Answer 9

being able to hum the tune to a song even when you can’t remember the lyrics

Question 10

Which concept describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

Answer 10

suggestibility

Question 11

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

Answer 11

rehersal

Question 11

Giorgio memorizes the German poem “The Erlking” to recite in his
eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the
presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This
is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.

Answer 11

transience

Question 11

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage
system that helps you choose the correct answer.

Answer 11

recognition

Question 11

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

Answer 11

construction; reconstruction

Question 11

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

Answer 11

implicit

Question 12

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

Answer 12

your first day of school

Question 12

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

Answer 12

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

Question 13

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

Answer 13

flashbulb memory

Question 14

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

Answer 14

retrograde; anterograde

Question 14

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

Answer 14

Strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory.

Question 14

According to Craik and Tulving, how do we process verbal information best?

Answer 14

semantic encoding

Question 14

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

Answer 14

cerebellum

Question 15

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

Answer 15

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories

Question 15

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

Answer 15

anterograde

Question 15

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.

Answer 15

retroactive

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

Answer 15

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Question 16

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

Answer 16

chunking

Question 17

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________.

Answer 17

modified the way witnesses are questioned.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?

Answer 18

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

Question 18

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

Answer 18

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running.

Question 19

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

Answer 19

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

Question 19

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task?

Answer 19

equipotentiality hypothesis

Question 20

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

Answer 20

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.