chapter 8

Question 1

What is DNA replication

Answer 1

The process by which a cell copies its DNA before dividing so that each new cell has a complete set of DNA

Question 2

What is meant by a semiconservative model of DNA replication?

Answer 2

A DNA double helix that includes one complete strand from the original molecule

Question 3

What is the functions of DNA helicase,

Answer 3

unwinds the double helix

Question 4

What is the functions of DNA polymerase

Answer 4

adds nucleotides to form new strands

Question 5

What is the functions of DNA ligase?

Answer 5

forms covalent bonds between adjacent DNA segments

Question 6

What are the functions of binding proteins and primase?

Answer 6

BP: stabilizes each strand, preventing them from rejoining

Primase: makes a short stretch of RNA on the DNA template

Question 7

What are leading strands?

Answer 7

A leading strand is when replication proceeds continuously on only one new DNA strand

Question 8

What are lagging strands?

Answer 8

When replication occurs in short 5’ to 3’ pieces

Question 9

What is a replication fork

Answer 9

When the DNA is unwound by DNA helicase it creates a y-shaped region where the two strands are separated.

Question 10

What are Okazaki fragments?

Answer 10

short pieces of DNA formed by the lagging strands

Question 11

In which direction is DNA replication continuous?

Answer 11

5’ to 3’ direction

Question 12

What are the parent and daughter strands?

Answer 12

Parental strands: The original DNA strands that serve as templates for the new strands

Daughter strands: The new DNA strands that are synthesized from the parental strands

Question 13

What is a replication “bubble?”

Answer 13

An open region of DNA where DNA replication occurs.

Question 14

What is binary fission?

Answer 14

type of asexual reproduction in which a prokaryotic cell divides into two identical cells

Question 15

What are the four stages of binary
fission of prokaryotes?

Answer 15

duplication, elongation, pinching/deposition,
and division

Question 16

What are mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 16

Mit- one way cells reproduce
mei- another way a nucleus divides

Question 17

What are two functions of cell division?

Answer 17

1) So life can continue
2) growth

Question 18

What are two reasons that
chromosomes condense before cell division?

Answer 18

1) to be transported easier
2) to be able to be copied

Question 19

what are histones

Answer 19

A protein (8 forms a nucleosome)

Question 20

what are nucleosomes

Answer 20

its a spool that DNA wraps around

Question 21

what are centromeres?

Answer 21

attaches sister chromatids to each other.

Question 22

What is the cell cycle

Answer 22

The life cycle of the cell

Question 23

What is interphase

Answer 23

(A resting phase) where the cell replicates dna and grows

Question 24

What generally occurs during G1, S, G2?

Answer 24

G1: The cell grows
S: DNA is synthesized
G2: Cell continues to grow

Question 25

What is the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

Answer 25

Mitosis is nuclear division and cytokinesis is cellular division

Question 26

When does cytokinesis begin?

Answer 26

Begins during telophase

Question 27

What general events occur during prophase

Answer 27

The nucleus dissolves and chromosomes condense

Question 28

What general events occur during prometaphase

Answer 28

The phase between prophase and metaphase that explains how the chromosomes get to the middle

Question 29

What general events occur during metaphase,

Answer 29

chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell

Question 30

What general events occur during anaphase

Answer 30

Where copies of the chromosomes are being separated

Question 31

What general events occur during telophase?

Answer 31

New nucleus forms and chromosomes unravel

Question 32

What is the mitotic spindle and when does it form?

Answer 32

Its a structure made of microtubules and Forms in prophase

Question 33

What are kinetochores

Answer 33

A structure that microtubules attach too

Question 34

How do animal cells undergo cytokinesis?

Answer 34

The cleavage furrow is when the animal cell pinches itself to undergo cytokinesis

Question 35

How do plant cells undergo cytokinesis?

Answer 35

Plant cells have to create a cell plate to undergo cytokinesis

Question 36

here in the cell cycle are the four major checkpoints?

Answer 36

G1/S checkpoint: Intra-S checkpoint: G2/M checkpoint: M (metaphase) checkpoint:

Question 37

What are tumors?

Answer 37

A tumor is a abnormal mass of tissue resulting from cells dividing out of control

Question 38

What are benign tumors and malignant tumors?

Answer 38

B: mass of abnormal cells that do not have the potential to spread m: mass of abnormal cells that has the potential to spread throughout the body