Chapter 8

Question 1

mining consequences

Answer 1

landscapes fragmented
road construction alters habitat
water contamination

Question 2

as earth created it separates into layers according to _______

Answer 2

mass

Question 3

core

Answer 3

intermost part of earths interior, mostly iron and nickel, liquid outer layer and solid inner layer

Question 4

mantle

Answer 4

layer above the core containing magma

Question 5

magma

Answer 5

molten rock

Question 6

asthenosphere

Answer 6

outer layer of mantle made of semi molten rock

Question 7

lithosphere

Answer 7

outermost layer of the earth made of mantle and crust

Question 8

high temp at earths center is thought to be caused by what?

Answer 8

radioactive decay

Question 9

hotspots

Answer 9

where molten material from mantle reaches lithosphere

Question 10

who suggested the idea of pangea

Answer 10

alfred wegener

Question 11

plate tectonics

Answer 11

theory that lithosphere is divided into plates in constant motion

Question 12

ore

Answer 12

rock with one or more netallic minerals

Question 13

reserves

Answer 13

the amount of resource that can be extracted profitably at current prices

Question 14

undiscovered reserves

Answer 14

potential supplies of a mineral resource

Question 15

tectonic cycle

Answer 15

sum of processes that build up and break down the lithosphere

Question 16

plate tectonics is the _____ theory i n geology

Answer 16

unifying

Question 17

oceanic plates

Answer 17

less dense

rich in iron

Question 18

continental plates

Answer 18

less dense

Question 19

movement of plates is driven by what?

Answer 19

convection cells in earths mantle

Question 20

seafloor spreading

Answer 20

formation of new ocean crust as magma pushes up from mantle to surface

Question 21

subduction

Answer 21

one plate passing under another

Question 22

plate movement can create _____ which can cause ______

Answer 22

geographic barriers, evolution

Question 23

fault

Answer 23

fracture in a rock caused by movement of earths crust

Question 24

seismic activity

Answer 24

frequency and intensity of earthquakes over time

Question 25

mountains grow _______ per year

Answer 25

1.4 inches

Question 26

epicenter

Answer 26

the exact point above where rock ruptures

Question 27

______ is the original source of all rock

Answer 27

magma

Question 28

________ rocks are directly formed from magma

Answer 28

igneous

Question 29

_________ rock are dark, made of iron, dominant in oceanic plates

Answer 29

basaltic

Question 30

______ rock are light, dominant in continental plates

Answer 30

granitic

Question 31

how are intrusive rocks formed

Answer 31

magma rises and cools below the surface

Question 32

how is extrusive rock formed

Answer 32

magma rises and cools above the surface

Question 33

how are sedimentary rocks formed

Answer 33

pressure from layers of sediment on top of one another

Question 34

how are metamorphic rocks formed

Answer 34

rocks chemically changed from high heat and pressure

Question 35

physical weathering

Answer 35

mechanical breakdown of rocks

Question 36

_____ rocks weather more quickly than _____ rocks

Answer 36

coarse, fine

Question 37

acid rain

Answer 37

rain high in sulfuric and nitric acid

Question 38

soil serves as what for water

Answer 38

the primary filter

Question 39

soil is made from _____ and _____

Answer 39

weathered rocks and detritus

Question 40

parent material

Answer 40

rock material from which the inorganic compounds of soil are derived

Question 41

a soils _____ determines if its nutrient rich or poor

Answer 41

parent material

Question 42

soil degradation

Answer 42

loss of ability to support plant growth

Question 43

O horizon

Answer 43

surface of soil, composed of organic material

Question 44

A horizon

Answer 44

top soil, made of organic material and minerals

Question 45

E horizon

Answer 45

zone of leaching, forms acidic soil under O horizon

Question 46

B horizon

Answer 46

composed of primarily minerals

Question 47

C horizon

Answer 47

least weathered soil horizon

Question 48

texture of the soil depends on the percentage of ____, ____, and ____

Answer 48

silt clay sand

Question 49

cation exchange capacity

Answer 49

ability of soil to absorb or release cations

Question 50

base saturation

Answer 50

proportion of soil bases to soil acids

Question 51

crustal abundance

Answer 51

avg concentration of an element in the crust

Question 52

what are the top 5 elements in the earths crust

Answer 52

``` oxygen silicon aluminum iron calcium ```

Question 53

surface mining

Answer 53

mining above the earths surface

Question 54

subsurface mining

Answer 54

mining below the earths surface

Question 55

strip mining

Answer 55

removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore

Question 56

mining spoils

Answer 56

unwanted waste from mining

Question 57

mountain top removal mining

Answer 57

mining by first exposing top of a mountain through explosives

Question 58

placer mining

Answer 58

hand looking for minerals in river sediments

Question 59

mining consequences

Answer 59

can change river flow | can contaminate water supply

Question 60

mining law of 1872

Answer 60

regulated mining of minerals, metals, fuels, and etc on federal land

Question 61

surface mining control and reclamation act

Answer 61

regulates the environmental effects of coal mining in the u.s