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APES > Chapters 11 & 17 > Flashcards

Chapters 11 & 17 Flashcards

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1
Q

HIV/AIDS

A

a type of disease that causes immune deficiency syndrome

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2
Q

ebola hemorrhagic fever

A

an infectious disease with high death rates caused by the ebola virus

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3
Q

mad cow disease

A

prions mutate into deadly pathogens and slowly damage a cows nervous system

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4
Q

prion

A

a small protein that occasionally mutates into a pathogen

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5
Q

swine flu

A

type of flu caused by the H1N1 virus

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6
Q

bird flu

A

a type of flu caused by the H5N1 virus

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7
Q

SARS

A

a type of flu caused by a coronavirus

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8
Q

west nile virus

A

a virus that lives in hundreds of species of birds and is transmitted among birds by mosquitoes

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9
Q

neurotoxin

A

a chemical that disrupts the nervous system of animals

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10
Q

carcinogens

A

chemicals that cause cancer

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11
Q

mutagen

A

a type of carcinogen that causes damage to the genetic material of a cell

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12
Q

teratogen

A

chemicals that interfere with the normal development of embryos

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13
Q

allergens

A

chemical causing allergic reactions

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14
Q

endocrine disruptors

A

a chemical that interferes with the normal functioning of hormones

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15
Q

dose response study

A

study that exposes organisms to different amounts of a chemical and then observes a variety of possible responses including changes in behavior or reproduction

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16
Q

acute study

A

an experiment that exposes an organism to an environmental hazard for a short duration

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17
Q

chronic study

A

an experiment that exposes organisms to an environmental hazard for a long duration

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18
Q

LD50

A

the lethal dose of a chemical that kills 50% of the individuals in a dose response study

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19
Q

sublethal effect

A

the effect of an environmental hazard that is not lethal but may impair an organisms behavior or physiology

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20
Q

ED50

A

the effective dose of a chemical that causes 50% of the individuals in a dose response study to display a harmful effect

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21
Q

retrospective study

A

a study that monitors people who have been exposed to an environmental hazard at some time in the past

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22
Q

prospective study

A

a study that monitors people who might become exposed to harmful chemicals in the future

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23
Q

synergistic interaction

A

a situation in which two risks together cause more harm than expected based on the separate effects of each risk alone

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24
Q

route of exposure

A

the way in which an individual might come into contact with an environmental hazard

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25
solubility
how well a chemical dissolves in liquid
26
bioaccumulation
an increased concentration of a chemical within an organism over time
27
biomagnification
the increase in chemical concentration in animal tissues as the chemical moves up the food chain
28
persistence
the length of time a chemical remains in the environment
29
under nutrition
condition in which not enough calories are injested to maintain health
30
malnourished
diet lacking the correct balance of proteins, carbs, vitamins, and minerals
31
food security
people have access to safe, nutritious food that meets needs for a healthy life
32
food insecurity
not having access to healthy safe food
33
famine
extreme scarcity of a food
34
anemia
iron deficiency
35
over nutrition
injestion of too many calories
36
industrial agriculture
agriculture applying mechanization
37
energy subsidy
fossil fuel and energy input per calorie of food produced
38
green revolution
shift in agricultural practices towards mechanization and new crops
39
economies of sale
the observation that average cost of production falls as output increases
40
water logging
when soil remains underwater for a long time
41
salinization
when small amounts of salt in irrigation water becomes highly concentrated on soil surface
42
organic fertilizers
composed of organic matter from plants and animals
43
synthetic fertilizers
produced commercially with fossil fuels
44
monocropping
agricultural method that utilizes large plantings of a single species
45
broad spectrum pesticides
a pesticide that kills many types of pest
46
selective pesticide
targets a narrow range of organisms
47
persistent pesticides
remain in the environment for a long time
48
non persistent pesticides
dont remain in the environment for a long time
49
pesticide resistant
trait that allows individuals to survive a pesticide
50
pesticide treadmill
cycle of pesticide development to pest resistance
51
CAFOS
large structures designed for max output of meat production
52
fishery collapse
a decline of fish population by 90% or more
53
bycatch
unintentional catch of nontarget species
54
shifting agriculture
when land is cleared and used for a few years until soil is depleted of nutrients
55
sustainable agriculture
farming that fufills the need for food while enhancing quality of the soil
56
intercropping
where more than one plant is planted in the same field
57
agroforestry
when trees and veggies are intercopped
58
contour planting
where plowing is done parallel to the topographic contours of the land
59
IPM
practice using a variety of techniques to minimize pesticide inputs
60
disease
any impaired function of the body
61
infectious disease
disease caused by a pathogen
62
acute disease
a disease that rapidly impairs the functioning of an organism
63
chronic diseases
a disease that slowly impairs the functioning of an organism
64
epidemic
pathogen causes a rapid increase in disease
65
pandemic
epidemic over a large geographic region
66
TB
caused by bacterial infection in the lungs
67
emergent infectious diseases
diseases that have not been described or have not been common for 20+ years

APES (14 decks)

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