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APES > Chapters 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Chapters 3 & 4 Flashcards

1
Q

biosphere

A

region of our planet where life resides; combo of all ecosystems

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2
Q

producer

A

organism thats uses suns energy to produce food

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3
Q

photosynthesis

A

process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose

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4
Q

cellular respiration

A

process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds

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5
Q

aerobic respiration

A

process by which cells convert glucose into energy in the absence of oxygen

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6
Q

consumer

A

obtains energy by consuming other organisms

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7
Q

herbivore

A

consumer that eats producers

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8
Q

carnivore

A

consumer that eats other consumers

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9
Q

secondary consumer

A

a carnivore that eats primary consumers

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10
Q

tertiary consumers

A

a carnivore that eats secondary consumers

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11
Q

trophic levels

A

successive levels of organisms consuming one another

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12
Q

food chain

A

sequence of consumption from producers through tertiary consumers

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13
Q

food web

A

how energy moves between trophic levels

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14
Q

scavenger

A

consumes dead animals

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15
Q

detritivore

A

an organism that specializes in breaking down dead tissues and waste products

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16
Q

decomposers

A

fungi and bacteria that convert organic matter into small elements and molecules that can be recycled back into the ecosystem

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17
Q

gross primary productivity

A

the total amount of solar energy that producers in an ecosystem capture via photosynthesis over a given amount of time

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18
Q

net primary productivity

A

the energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire

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19
Q

biomass

A

total mass of all living matter in a specific area

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20
Q

standing crop

A

the amount of biomass present in an ecosystem at a particular time

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21
Q

ecological efficiency

A

the proportion of consumed energy that can be passed from one trophic level to another

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22
Q

trophic pyramid

A

a representation of the distribution of biomass, numbers, or energy among trophic levels

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23
Q

biogeochemical cycle

A

the movements of matter within and between ecosystems

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24
Q

hydrologic cycle

A

the movement of water through the biosphere

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25
transpiration
the release of water from leaves during photosynthesis
26
evapotranspiration
the combined amount of evaporation and transpiration
27
runoff
water that moves across the land surface and into streams and rivers
28
carbon cycle
the movement of carbon around the biosphere
29
macronutrient
one of six key elements that organisms need in relatively large amounts
30
limiting nutrient
a nutrient required for the growth of an organism but available in a lower quantity than other nutrients
31
nitrogen cycle
the movement of nitrogen around the biosphere
32
nitrogen fixation
a process by which some organisms can convert nitrogen gas molecules directly into ammonia
33
nitrification
the conversion of ammonia into nitrite and them into nitrate
34
assimilation
the process by which producers incorporate elements into their issues
35
mineralization
the process by which fungal and bacterial decomposers break down the organic matter found in dead bodies and convert it into inorganic compounds
36
ammonification
the process by which fungal decomposers break down the organic nitrogen found in dead bodies and convert it into inorganic ammonium
37
denitrification
the conversion of nitrate in a series of steps into the gases nitrous oxide and eventually nitrogen gas which is emitted into the atmosphere
38
leaching
the transportation of dissolved molecules through the soil via groundwater
39
phosphorus cycle
the movement of phosphorus around the biosphere
40
algal bloom
a rapid increase in the algal population of a waterway
41
hypoxic
low in oxygen
42
sulfur cycle
the movement of sulfur around the biosphere
43
disturbance
an event resulting in changes in population size or community composition
44
watershed
all land in a given landscape that drains into a particular river or wetland
45
resistance
a measure of how much a disturbance can affect flows of energy and matter in an ecosystem
46
resilience
the rate at which an ecosystem returns to its original state after a disturbance
47
restoration ecology
the study and implementation of restoring damaged ecosystems
48
intermediate disturbance hypothesis
the hypothesis that ecosystems experiencing intermediate levels of disturbance are more diverse than those with high or low disturbance levels
49
troposphere
a layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of earth
50
stratosphere
the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere about 16 to 50km above the earth
51
albedo
the percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface
52
saturation point
the max amount of water vapor in the air at a given temperature
53
adiabatic cooling
the cooling effect of reduced pressure on air as it rises higher in the atmosphere and expands
54
adiabatic heating
the heating effect of increased pressure on air as it sinks toward the surface of earth and decreases in volume
55
latent heat release
the release of energy when water vapor in the atmosphere condenses into liquid water
56
atmospheric convection current
global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of earth
57
hadley cell
a convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30 degrees noth and south
58
ITCZ
the latitude that receives the most intense sunlight which causes the ascending branches of the two hadley cells to converge
59
polar cell
a convection current in the atmosphere formed by air that rises at 60 deg noth and 60 deg south and sinks at the poles
60
ferrell cell
a convection current in the atmosphere that lies between hadley cells and polar cells
61
coriolis effect
the deflection of an objects path due to the rotation of earth
62
rain shadow
region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range
63
gyre
a large scale pattern of water circulation that moves clockwise in the north hemisphere and counterclockwise in the south hemisphere
64
upwelling
the upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents
65
thermohaline currents
an oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water
66
el nino
a reversal of wind and water currents in the south pacific
67
terrestrial biome
a geographic region categorized by a particular combination of average annual temp, precipitation, and plant growths
68
aquatic biome
an aquatic region characterized by a particular combo of salinity depth and flow
69
tundra
cold and treeless biome
70
permafrost
permanently frozen layer of soil
71
boreal forest
a forest biome made up primarily of coniferous trees that can tolerate cold winters and short growing season
72
temperate rainforest
a coastal biome typified by moderate temp and high rain
73
temperate seasonal foret
a biome with warm summers and cold winters with 1m of rain annually
74
woodland/shrubland
a biome characterized by hot dry summers and rainy winters
75
temperate grassland/cold desert
a biome characterized by cold, harsh winters, and hot summers
76
tropical rainforest
a warm and wet biome with little temp variation and high rain
77
tropical seasonal forest/savanna
biome marked by warm temp and distinct wet and dry seasons
78
subtropical desert
hot temp, extremely dry, and sparse vegetation
79
littoral zone
shallow zone of soil and water in lakes and ponds where most algae and plants grow
80
limnetic zone
zone of open water in lakes and ponds
81
phytoplankton
floating algae
82
profundal zone
region of water where sunlight does not reach below the limnetic zone
83
benthic zone
muddy bottom of a lake
84
oligotrophic
describes a lake with a low level of productivity
85
mesotrophic
describes a lake with moderate level of activity
86
eutrophic
lake with high levels of productivity
87
freshwater wetlands
an aquatic biome that is submerged or saturated by water for at least part of each year but shallow enough to support vegetation
88
salt marsh
a marsh containing nonwoody emergent vegetation, found in temperate climates
89
mangrove swamp
a swamp that occurs along tropical and subtropical coasts and contains salt tolerant trees
90
intertidal zone
narrow band of coastline between the levels of high tide and low tide
91
coral reef
most diverse marien biome | on earth, found in warm shallow waters beyond shore
92
coral bleaching
a phenomenon in which algae inside corals die making corals white
93
open ocean
deep ocean water
94
photic zone
upper layer of ocean water in the ocean that receives enough sunlight for photosynthesis
95
aphotic zone
deeper layer of ocean water that lacks sufficient sunlight
96
chemosynthesis
process used by some bacteria in the ocean to generate energy with methane and hydrogen sulfide

APES (14 decks)

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