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Chem 11 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

def. a carbon-containing molecule that generally either C-C bonds or C-H bonds, or both

A

organic compound

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2
Q

def. a subdiscipline of chemistry involving the study if the structure, properties, and reactions or organic compounds

A

organic chemistry

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3
Q

What kind of formulas tell you which elements are present and how many atoms there
are of each, but don’t tell you anything about how the atoms connect
together?

A

Molecular formula

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4
Q

What kind formulas are essentially Lewis structures, showing how all the atoms
connect to one another, but without any lone pairs, but don’t tell you anything about the molecule’s shape and become unworkable as the molecules get bigger and more complex?

A

Structural formula

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5
Q

What kind of formula is similar to a structural formula, these diagrams show the C–C bonding, but they
group together the hydrogens bonded to each carbon?

A

Simplified or condensed structural formula?

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6
Q

What kind of formula represents carbon atoms as vertices, and implies hydrogens?

A

skeletal formula

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7
Q

What is the most common type of formula?

A

skeletal formula

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8
Q

def. Organic molecules composed of only carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbons

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9
Q

def. A molecule that contains no multiple bonds, having the maximum number of single
bonds possible for that combination of atoms

A

saturated molecule

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10
Q

what are the simplest hydrocarbons?

A

linear alkanes

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11
Q

def. Saturated hydrocarbons, containing only carbon and hydrogen bonded through single
bonds, having the general formula CnH(2n+2)

A

Linear alkanes

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12
Q

What are the prefixes for alkanes?

A 
# of Cs Prefix
1 meth–
2 eth–
3 prop–
4 but–
5 pent–
6 hex–
7 hept–
8 oct–
9 non–
10 dec-
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13
Q

What is the suffix for alkanes?

A

-ane

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14
Q

def.An atom, or group of atoms, that substitutes for one or more hydrogen atoms on the
main or parent chain of a hydrocarbon

A

Substituent group

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15
Q

What are alkane with substituent groups called(in general)?

A

Branched alkanes

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16
Q

What is the suffix for substituent groups?

A

-yl

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17
Q

Apart from the suffix and the prefix, what else do we need to name substituent group?

A

A numbered address, telling you which carbon the side chain is attached to. Numbered starting with the side closest to the branch

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18
Q

What are the prefixes for the branches if there’s more than one?

A

di, tri, tetra, etc.

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19
Q

def. Molecules that have the same molecular formula, giving them the same number of
atoms of each element, but that have those atoms arranged differently

A

Isomers

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20
Q

__________ have the same atoms connected in the same sequence, but differ in the
three-dimensional orientations of at least one bond

A

Stereoisomers

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21
Q

def. Isomers that share a common molecular formula, but that have their atoms arranged
in different and unique structures

A

Structural isomers

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22
Q

def. Saturated hydrocarbons, like alkanes, that contain one or more enclosed rings of
carbon atoms, having the general formula CnH2(n+1-g) where g = the number of rings

A

cycloalkane

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23
Q

def. A molecule that contains one or more multiple bonds, having less than the maximum
number of single bonds possible for that combination of atoms

A

unsaturated molecule

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24
Q

def. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, containing at least one C–C double bond, the simplest of
which have one double bond and the general formula CnH2n

A

Alkenes

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25
_________ are what we call alkenes containing multiple C–C double bonds
polyenes
26
What is the suffix for alkenes?
-ene
27
Does the double bond have to be part of the parent chain in alkenes?
Yes
28
def. Isomers that share a common molecular formula and structure, but that have different orientations across their double bond
Cis/trans isomers (geometric isomers)
29
def. Unsaturated hydrocarbons, containing at least one C–C triple bond, the simplest of which have one triple bond and the general formula CnH(2n–2)
Alkynes
30
True or false: cis/isomers apply to both alkenes and alkynes
false, they only apply to alkenes
31
def. Hydrocarbons with carbons bonded in a ring by sigma bonds, while also sharing delocalized electrons through pi bonds
aromatic hydrocarbon
32
How can we recognize aromatic hydrocarbons?
they all have benzene rings
33
def. The strongest type of covalent bond, formed between two atoms when their atomic orbitals overlap head on
sigma bond
34
def. A second type of covalent bond that is weaker than a sigma bond, formed between two atoms when their p orbitals are parallel and overlap side on
Pi bond
35
What do we call benzene when it is a substituent group?
phenyl
36
What are the three saturated hydrocarbons (that we've studied)?
Linear alkanes, branched alkanes, and cycloalkanes
37
What are the three unsaturated hydrocarbons(that we've studied)?
Alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydorcarbons
38
def. Specific atoms, groups of atoms or organizations of bonds within the structures of organic molecules that react in characteristic ways, and that we can identify and use when classifying those molecules
Functional groups
39
What does R signify?
an organic fragment attached to a functional group
40
What does R' signify?
a second organic fragment within the same molecule
41
def. A group of organic compounds derived from alkanes, where one or more halogens replace one or more hydrogens, identifiable by the halogen functional group (X)
Haloalkanes (alkyl halides)
42
What structure do haloalkanes have?
R-X
43
What do we change the halogen's suffix to, in haloalkanes?
-o
44
def. A functional group composed of one oxygen and one hydrogen, covalently bonded together, whose oxygen forms a second covalent bond to another element
Hydroxyl group (-OH)
45
def. An organic compound containing one or more hydroxyl groups, each bonded to a saturated carbon
Alcohol
46
What structure do alcohols have?
R-OH
47
When naming an alcohol derived from an alkane, change the ending from –e to _____
-ol
48
def. An organic compound containing an oxygen atom connected to two organic fragments (R and R’)
Ether :R-O-R'
49
def. A functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom, with the carbon atom also forming single bonds to two other things
Carbonyl group (C=0)
50
def. An organic compound containing a carbonyl functional group connected to a hydrogen atom and to an organic fragment (R)
aldehyde
51
where do aldehydes place the carbonyl group?
at the end of a carbon chain
52
def. An organic compound containing a carbonyl functional group connected to two organic fragments (R and R’)
Ketone R–C(=O)–R’
53
``` def. A functional group that features a carbonyl group (C=O), with a hydroxyl group (–OH) bonded to the carbonyl’s carbon ```
Carboxyl group
54
def. An organic compound containing a carboxyl functional group connected to an organic fragment (R)
Carboxylic acid : R–C(=O)OH
55
def. An organic compound similar to a carboxylic acid, but different in that a second organic fragment (R’) replaces the hydrogen bonded to the hydroxyl’s oxygen
Ester : R–C(=O)O–R’
56
def. An organic compound containing a carbonyl group attached to an organic fragment (R1) and to a nitrogen, a nitrogen who itself attaches to two other organic fragments (R2 and R3)
amide
57
``` def. An organic compound that contains a nitrogen atom and whose structure is derived from ammonia (NH3), in which organic fragments replace one, two or all three hydrogens ```
Amine
58
def. A rapid and exothermic reaction between oxygen and a fuel, producing primarily carbon dioxide and water
Combustion
59
What are the two types of combustion reactions?
Complete combustion, incomplete combustion
60
def. Occurs when there is an excess of oxygen, allowing the fuel to completely react, forming primarily water and common oxides (CO2, NO2, SO2)
Complete combustion
61
def. Occurs when there isn’t enough oxygen to react with that amount of fuel, making it the limiting reagent, allowing reaction intermediates like soot (carbon) and carbon monoxide to remain as by-products
incomplete combustion
62
def. An organic chemical reaction in which one functional group replaces another
Substitution reaction
63
in what type of reaction do halogens replace a hydrogen?
halogenation by substitution
64
in what type of reaction does a methyl group replace a hydrogen atom?
alkylation by substitution
65
True or false: Substitution reactions don’t change the saturation level of the reacting carbon
True
66
True or false: addition reactions don't change the saturation level of the reacting carbon
False, they increase it
67
def. An organic chemical reaction in which two molecules combine at the site of one molecule’s multiple bond, increasing the saturation of that molecule
addition reaction
68
_________ reactions involve adding one or more halogen atoms to a molecule
halogenation (by addition)
69
__________ reactions involve a substance reacting with molecular hydrogen
hydrogenation
70
________ reactions involve adding one halogen and one hydrogen
hydrohalogenation
71
__________ reactions involve a substance chemically combining with water
Hydration
72
def. An organic chemical reaction which liberates a small molecule, either leaving behind a double bond, reducing the saturation of that molecule, or causing two molecules to combine
Elimination reaction
73
True or False: Elimination reactions either decrease the saturation level of the reacting carbons, decreasing the number of atoms to which they’re bonded, or cause two molecules to join together, releasing a small molecule in the process
True
74
What reaction removes a molecular halogen (X2)?
Dehalogenation
75
What reaction removes molecular hydrogen?
dehydrogenation
76
What reaction removes a hydrogen and a halogen?
dehydrohalogenation
77
What reaction removes a water molecule?
dehydration
78
def. A chemical reaction that forms an ester by combining two molecules (usually a carboxylic acid and an alcohol) by eliminating water
esterification
79
What do we call very large molecules?
macromolecules
80
def. A macromolecule made up of repeating subunits, themselves called as monomers, linked together through polymerization
polymer
81
def. A single molecule that can bond to other molecules, creating long polymer chains
monomer
82
def. The process of linking together monomer molecules through chemical reaction to form polymer chains, achievable through numerous mechanisms
polymerization
83
def. A polymer made up of a single type of monomer
homopolymer
84
def. A polymer made up of two or more types of monomers
copolymer
85
def. A chemical reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, releasing a smaller molecule (most often water) in the process
condensation reaction
86
esterification is a type of _________ reaction
condensation
87
_________play an important role in our daily lives, giving us synthetic materials like rubbers and plastics, and natural things like DNA and proteins
polymers

Chem 11 (6 decks)

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