chapter 8- making ATP

Question 1

chromosomes duplicate and one copy moves to opposite side of cell

Answer 1

first step of binary fission (prokaryotic cell division)

Question 2

cell elongates

Answer 2

step 2 of binary fission

Question 3

plasma membrane pinches in and more cell wall is made

Answer 3

last step of binary fission

Question 4

what are chromosomes made of

Answer 4

protein and dna

Question 5

exact copy of original chromatid attached at the centeomere

Answer 5

sister chromatid

Question 6

growth, organelles double

Answer 6

G1 of interphase

Question 7

chromosome replication (synthesis of dna)

Answer 7

S phase of interphase

Question 8

more growth, and proteins are made

Answer 8

G2 of interphase

Question 9

thick, condensed chromosomes, nucleus disappears

Answer 9

prophase of mitosis

Question 10

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell along invisible metaphase plate

Answer 10

metaphase of mitosis

Question 11

sister chromatids move to opposite poles

Answer 11

anaphase of mitosis

Question 12

nucleus reforms at round thick chromosomes and either a cleavage furrow or cell plate appears

Answer 12

telophase of mitosis

Question 13

what is the purpose of cell division/ reproduction in eukaryotic organisms

Answer 13

to heal/repair
growth and development
asexual reproduction (mitosis)
sexual reproduction (meiosis)

Question 14

cleavage furrow

Answer 14

occurs in animal cell telophase where membrane pinches in and makes figure 8 shape

Question 15

cell plate

Answer 15

occurs in a plant cell in telophase and creates cell wall

Question 16

what is the purpose of meiosis vs mitosis

Answer 16

meiosis is for sexual reproduction (makes gametes) and to reduce chromosome number by half

mitosis is for asexual reproduction

Question 17

pairs of chromosomes that are similar in size shape and carry the same types of genes, one from each parent

Answer 17

homologous chromosomes

Question 18

meiosis vs mitosis

Answer 18

meiosis makes gametes (sexual reproduction) and mitosis is for asexual reproduction

meiosis creates 4 haploid cells while mitosis creates 2 identical diploid daughter cells

meiosis goes through 2 stages of division while mitosis only has one

Question 19

diploid cells (2n)

Answer 19

has 2 sets of chromosomes (46)

Question 20

haploid cells (n)

Answer 20

has 1 set of chromosomes (23)

Question 21

condensed chromosomes
homologous pairs synapse and cross over

Answer 21

prophase 1 of meiosis

Question 22

homologous pairs line up in middle of cell

Answer 22

metaphase 1 of meiosis

Question 23

homologous pairs separate and move to poles

Answer 23

anaphase 1 of meiosis

Question 24

nucleus reforms around chromosomes
cleave furrow or cell plate forms

Answer 24

telophase 1 of meiosis

Question 25

cytokinesis of meiosis 1

Answer 25

2 haploid daughter cells

Question 26

prophase 2 of meiosis

Answer 26

condensed chromosomes

Question 27

metaphase 2 of meiosis

Answer 27

chromosomes line up in the middle

Question 28

anaphase 2 of meiosis

Answer 28

sister chromatids separate

Question 29

telophase 2 of meiosis

Answer 29

nucleus reforms

Question 30

cytokinesis of meiosis 2

Answer 30

4 haploid gametes

Question 31

what events increase genetic variability in meiosis

Answer 31

prophase 1 metaphase 1 fertilization

Question 32

how does prophase 1 increase genetic variability

Answer 32

homologous pairs synapse and cross over between non sister chromatids

Question 33

how does metaphase 1 increase genetic variability in meiosis

Answer 33

random alignment of homologous pairs

Question 34

advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 34

fast, efficient, and able to invade habitat quickly

Question 35

disadvantage of asexual reproduction

Answer 35

low genetic diversity

Question 36

advantage to sexual reproduction

Answer 36

increase genetic variability

Question 37

disadvantage of sexual reproduction

Answer 37

mutations

Question 38

faliure of chromosomes to separate during anaphase 1 or 2

Answer 38

nondisjunction (mistakes in meiosis)

Question 39

example of nondisjunction

Answer 39

trisomy —-> down syndrome

Question 40

mutation where a segment is removed from a chromosome (creates shorter chromosome)

Answer 40

deletion

Question 41

mutation where segment is repeated (chromosome is longer)

Answer 41

duplication

Question 42

mutation where a segment is reversed (reverses nucleotide sequence)

Answer 42

inversion

Question 43

mutation where a segment breaks off one chromosome and attaches to another (changes structure if 2 chromosomes)

Answer 43

translocation