Chapter 8: Organization and Management - Theories of Mgmt

Question 1

a group of several similar ideas evolved in the late 1800s and early 1900s

pioneers are: frederick w. taylor, who was known as the “father of scientific management”

Answer 1

classical theory

Question 2

the father of scientific management

Answer 2

frederick w. taylor

Question 3

pioneer of classical theory

Answer 3

frederick w. taylor

Question 4

there is one best way to do each job

Answer 4

classical theory

Question 5

there is one best way to put an organization

Answer 5

classical theory

Question 6

the organization should be arranged in a rational and impersonal manner

Answer 6

classical theory

Question 7

classical theory

for efficiency and specialization

Answer 7

division of work

Question 8

classical theory

right way to give orders and obtain obedience and responsibility

Answer 8

authority and responsibility

Question 9

classical theory

judicious use of sanctions and penalties; obedience to rules and work agreements

Answer 9

discipline

Question 10

classical theory

each person is accountable to only one superior

Answer 10

unity of command

Question 11

classical theory

all units moving toward same objectives through coordinated and focused effort

Answer 11

unity of direction

Question 12

classical theory

individual interest to general interest

the interest of the organization should take priority over the interests of individuals

Answer 12

subordination

Question 13

classical theory

pay and compensation should be fair for both employee and organization

Answer 13

renumeration

Question 14

classical theory

subordinates’ involvement through decentralization should be balanced with managers’ final authority through decentralization

Answer 14

centralization

Question 15

classical theory

in a scalar chain, authority and responsibility flow in direct line vertically from the highest level of the organization to the lowest

Answer 15

scalar chain

Question 16

classical theory

people and materials must be in the appropriate places at the proper time for maximum efficiency

Answer 16

order

Question 17

classical theory

all employees should be treated equally to ensure fairness

Answer 17

equity

Question 18

classical theory

employee turnover should be minimized to maintain organizational efficiency

Answer 18

stability of personnel

Question 19

classical theory

workers should be encouraged to develop and carry out plans for improvements

Answer 19

initiative

Question 20

classical theory

managers should promote a team spirit of unity and harmony among employees

Answer 20

esprit de corps

Question 21

evolved during the 1920s through the 1950s

introduced the behavioral sciences as an integral part of an organization theory

Answer 21

human relations theory

Question 22

view the organization as a social system and recognizes the existence of the informal organization

Answer 22

human relations theory

Question 23

employee participation in management planning and decision-making yields positive effects in terms of morale and productivity

Answer 23

human relations theory

Question 24

emphasizes research on operations and the use of quantitative techniques to help managers make decisions

Answer 24

management science theory

Question 25

extension includes the development of management information system (MIS) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT)

Answer 25

management science theory

Question 26

a set of interdependent parts that work together to achieve a common goal ex. hospital dietary department interacts with many external groups (patients, customers, medical staff, hospital administration, and some regulatory agencies)

Answer 26

systems approach

Question 27

interdependency is the key concept in systems theory

Answer 27

systems approach

Question 28

systems approach a theory that says that the whole is more than the sum of its parts; cooperative, synergistic working together of members of a department or team often yields a total product that exceeds the sum of their individual contributions

Answer 28

holism

Question 29

managerial activities should be adjusted to fit the situation

Answer 29

contingency approach

Question 30

individual motivation may be influenced by factors in the environment

Answer 30

contingency approach

Question 31

managers must adjust their leadership behavior to fit the particular situation

Answer 31

contingency approach

Question 32

the structure of the organization must be designed to fit the organization, environment, and the technology it uses

Answer 32

contingency approach

Question 33

Frederick W. Taylor, Max Weber, and Henri Fayol

Answer 33

classical theory

Question 34

Tasks, Structure, and Authority.

Answer 34

classical theory

Question 35

* Division of work * Authority and responsibility * Discipline * Unity of command * Unity of direction * Subordination of individual interest to general interest * Renumeration of employees * Centralization * Scalar chain * Order * Equity * Stability of personnel * Initiative * Esprit de corps

Answer 35

fayol's principles

Question 36

pioneer of human relations theory

Answer 36

elton mayo

Question 37

the hawthorne effect

Answer 37

human relations theory

Question 38

The organization viewed as a social system- informal organization

Answer 38

human relations theory

Question 39

Key work groups/teams. Excellent upward communication. Superior leadership

Answer 39

classical theory

Question 40

aims to satisfy the workers’ psychological and social needs through motivation.

Answer 40

human relations theory

Question 41

aka scientific management theory

Answer 41

management science

Question 42

proponent of management science theory

Answer 42

frederick w. taylor

Question 43

Classical Theory + Human Relations Theory

Answer 43

mgmt science theory

Question 44

sampling, linear programming, queuing models, simulation models and chaos theory.

Answer 44

Mathematical tools or Management Information Sytems (MIS)

Question 45

Pioneers: L.W. Lorsch, Joan Woodward, George Stalker, Paul R. Lawrence, Burns.

Answer 45

contingency approach

Question 46

aka situational approach

Answer 46

contingency approach

Question 47

Pioneers: Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1940s), Ross Ashby (1964).

Answer 47

systems approach

Question 48

Subsytems working together in harmony for the larger system to function.

Answer 48

systems theory

Question 49

theory x and y

Answer 49

douglas mcgregor

Question 50

-Managers exert direct control over their employees. -Assumes that work is inherently distasteful to most people. -Workers are not ambitious, do not want responsibility, and have little creativity.

Answer 50

theory x

Question 51

- Workers accept that managers who believe in Theory X are usually strict. -Workers expect that managers should adapt their style to the nature of workers and situations. -No single approach will achieve the same results with all employees.

Answer 51

theory y

Question 52

Managers mistrust their subordinates and feel compelled to coerce(convince) them to work.

Answer 52

theory x/system 1

Question 53

Managers have confidence in their workers and purposely involve them in the decision making process.

Answer 53

theory y/system 2

Question 54

systems approach pioneer

Answer 54

Pioneers: Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1940s), Ross Ashby (1964).

Question 55

There is “no one best way” to manage an organization

Answer 55

contingency approach

Question 56

“Organization as an organism” Subsystems working together in harmony for the larger system to function.

Answer 56

systems approach

Question 57

elements of a system interact with one another.

Answer 57

systems approach

Question 58

the systems theory doctrine that the whole of an entity is more than the sum of its parts.

Answer 58

wholism

Question 59

resources

Answer 59

input

Question 60

work done on resources/inputs

Answer 60

throughput

Question 61

products, services

Answer 61

output

Question 62

operations

Answer 62

process

Question 63

information

Answer 63

feedback

Question 64

a set related components working together in a particular environment to perform whatever functions are required to achieve the objectives.

Answer 64

system

Question 65

do the processing

Answer 65

subsystems

Question 66

two or more systems

Answer 66

super systems

Question 67

continuously interacts with the environment

Answer 67

open system

Question 68

not influenced by surroundings.

Answer 68

closed system

Question 69

a future event that is possible but cannot be predicted with certainty.

Answer 69

contingency

Question 70

A.k.a. Second Order Cybernetics and Complexity Theory

Answer 70

chaos theory

Question 71

science of surprises, of the non-linear and unpredictable

Answer 71

chaos

Question 72

Inspired by Systems theory. Things are not always neat and orderly and can be messy.

Answer 72

chaos theory

Question 73

chaos theory small changes in the initial conditions lead to drastic changes in the results.

Answer 73

butterfly effect

Question 74

causes the system to change or adapt.

Answer 74

feedback (positive or negative)

Question 75

one best way to do a job

Answer 75

classical theory