chapter 8 Psych vocab

Question 1

A relativley permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Learning that certain events happen together.

Answer 2

Associative Learning

Question 3

A type of learning where an organism comes to associate stimuli.

Answer 3

Classical conditioning

Question 4

The view that Psychology should bean objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes.

Answer 4

Behaviorism

Question 5

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 5

Unconditional response

Question 6

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditoinally triggers a response.

Answer 6

Unconditional Stimulus

Question 7

In classical conditoining, the learned responcse to a previsely neutral stimulus

Answer 7

Conditioned Response

Question 8

In classical conditioning, on origionally irrevilent stimulus that, after association with an unconditional stimulus, comes to trigger a conditional response.

Answer 8

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 9

The initial stage in classical conditoining; the phase associating the neural stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response.

Answer 9

Acquisition

Question 10

The deminishing of a conditional respomnse; occurs in classical conditoining when an uncondioned stimulus does not follow from a conditioned stimulus.

Answer 10

Extenction

Question 11

The reapperance after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Answer 11

Spontanesous Recovery

Question 12

The tendance once an response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit simular responses.

Answer 12

Generalization

Question 13

In classical conditining the ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 13

Discrimination

Question 14

A type of learing in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

Answer 14

Operant Conditioning

Question 15

behavior that occurs as an automatic responseto some stimulus; Skinner’s term for behavior learned through classical conditioning.

Answer 15

Respondant Behavior

Question 16

behavior that operates on the enviroment producing consequences.

Answer 16

Operant Behavior

Question 17

Thornfike’s principle that behaviors are followed by favorable consequences become more likley, and that behaviors followd by unfavorable concequences become less likely.

Answer 17

Law of Effect

Question 18

A chamber aslo known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can minuplate to obtain food or water as a reinforcement.

Answer 18

Operant Chamber

Question 19

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer arpoximations of the desired behavior.

Answer 19

Shaping

Question 20

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the event it follows.

Answer 20

Reinforcer

Question 21

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food.

Answer 21

Positive Reinforcement

Question 22

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli.

Answer 22

Negative Reinforcement

Question 23

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

Answer 23

Primary Reinforcer

Question 24

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.

Answer 24

Conditioned Reinforcer

Question 25

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs.

Answer 25

Continus Reinforcement

Question 26

reinforcing a respinse only part of the time.

Answer 26

Partial Reinforcement

Question 27

in operant conditoining, a reinforcment schedule that reinforces a response only after a specific number of responses.

Answer 27

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

Question 28

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

Answer 28

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Question 29

In operarnt conditoining, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elasped.

Answer 29

Fixed-Interival Schedule

Question 30

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable time interivles.

Answer 30

Variable-Interival Schedule

Question 31

An event that decreases the behavior that is follows.

Answer 31

Punishment

Question 32

A mental representation of the layout of one’s enviroment.

Answer 32

Cognitive Map

Question 33

Learning that occurs but is not present until there is an incintive to demonstrate it.

Answer 33

Latent Learning

Question 34

A desire to learn for its own sake.

Answer 34

Intrinsic Learning

Question 35

Learning by observing others.

Answer 35

Observational Learning

Question 36

The process of obseriving and imitating a specific behavior.

Answer 36

Modeling

Question 37

frontal lobe neurons that fire when preforming certain actions or when observing another doing so.

Answer 37

Mirrior Neurons

Question 38

positive, constructive, helpful behavior.

Answer 38

Prosocial Behavior