Chapter 8: The Physiology Of Obesity

Question 1

Having BMI greater than 25 starts to rise at age _ and dec,ones around age _

Answer 1

35

75

Question 2

_ % of the worlds population live in countries where obesity kills mo re people than being under weight

Answer 2

65%

Question 3

_ refers to a body weight that exceeds a predetermined average for height

Answer 3

Overweight

Question 4

Excessive accumulation of body weight

_ % above ideal body weight

Answer 4

Obesity

20%

Question 5

Obesity body fat %

Men

Women

Answer 5

Men - over 25%

Women - over 32%

Question 6

BMI calculation

Answer 6

BMI = weight (kg) / height *squared (m)

Question 7

Lbs to kg

Answer 7

Lb/ 2.2

Question 8

Inches to meters

Answer 8

Inches x .0254

Question 9

BMI

Less 18

Answer 9

Underweight

Question 10

BMI

18-24.9

Answer 10

Normal weight

Question 11

BMI

25 - 29.9

Answer 11

Overweight

Question 12

BMI

30 - 39.9

Answer 12

Obese

Question 13

BMI

40 or higher

Answer 13

Morbidly obese

Question 14

BMI _ fatness in athletes because of their

Answer 14

Overestimate

Muscular build

Question 15

BMI might _ fatness in older persons due to _

Answer 15

Underestimate

Loss of muscle

Question 16

Weighing a person fully submerged in water - difference been persons mass in air and in water

Answer 16

Hydrostatic weighing

Question 17

Body comp measurement that measures the resistance to electric current flow as it passes through the body

Answer 17

BIA

Bio electrical impedance

Question 18

BIA

Impedance is greatest in _

Answer 18

Fat tissue

Question 19

Fat free mass contains _ % water

Answer 19

70-75%

Question 20

Body volume assessment using air

Answer 20

Air displacement plethysmography

Question 21

Body comp assessment that involves use of light absorption and reflection to estimate percent fat and percent fat free mass

Body fat absorbs light

Lean body mass reflects lights

Answer 21

NIR

Near infrared interactance

Question 22

Existing fat cells increase increase in size. Fill with fat

Answer 22

Fat cell hypertrophy

Question 23

Total fat cell number increases

Answer 23

Fat cell hyperplasia

Question 24

The number of fat cells _ in spite of weight gain or loss

Answer 24

Remains constant

Question 25

Obesity that occurs early in life can cause an increase in number of fat cells - which is called (2)

Answer 25

Hypercelluar or hyperplastic obesity

Question 26

Enlargement of existing fat cells, but normal fat cell number *occurs later in life

Answer 26

Hypertrophic obesity

Question 27

Hypertrophic obesity associated with _ fat distribution (2)

Answer 27

Truncal ( apple shape)

Question 28

After age 20 a _ to _ increase in body weight correlated with _ % greater risk of death from coronary artery disease

Answer 28

4% to 10% 50%

Question 29

Android obese store fat

Answer 29

In the abdominal region

Question 30

Gynoid obese store fat in the

Answer 30

Hips, butt and thighs

Question 31

Abdominal fat increases risk of disease because

Answer 31

Fat in abdomen is more easily releases into th bloodstream increasing disease related blood fat levels

Question 32

WHR - indicative of android obesity Men Women

Answer 32

Men .95 or above Women .86 or above

Question 33

Women with waist measurement higher than _ develop heart disease twice as frequently as slim women

Answer 33

30 inches

Question 34

Waist circumferences display elevated cardiovascular risk profiles Men Women

Answer 34

Men 40” Women 35”

Question 35

3 factors of maintaining body weight

Answer 35

Metabolic utilization of nutrients Dietary habits Physical activity

Question 36

Cognitive drive to consume too many calories, physical defect in appetite regulation or inappropriate response to stress

Answer 36

Active overeating

Question 37

Consumption of normal amount of food becomes excessive due to sedentary lifestyle

Answer 37

Passive overeating

Question 38

Thermic effect of: Fat Protein Carbs

Answer 38

Fat 0 - 2% Protein 25-30% Carb 6-8%

Question 39

_ overeating contributes to the obesity epidemic more so than _ overeating

Answer 39

Passive Active

Question 40

3 components of human daily energy expenditure

Answer 40

Basal metabolic rate Thermic effect of food Thermic effect of physical activity

Question 41

This accounts for 60-75% of daily energy expenditure Energy required for vital, resting bodily functions

Answer 41

Basal metabolic rate

Question 42

reduced energy expenditure increases person's tendency to _ due to _

Answer 42

overeat fat content in food providing excessive amounts of calories

Question 43

This accounts for 10% of daily energy expenditure

Answer 43

thermic effect of food

Question 44

This accounts for 15-30% of daily energy expenditure

Answer 44

thermic effect of physical activity

Question 45

NEAT

Answer 45

nonexercise activity thermogenesis

Question 46

energy expenditure can vary by as much as _ between individuals

Answer 46

2,000 calories / day

Question 47

*LONGTERM CONTROL OF ENERGY INTAKE. functions as satiety signals to decrease food intake when energy levels are met - SECRETED IN RESPONSE TO ELEVATED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS stimluates _ neuron

Answer 47

insulin POMC - appetite inhibiting neuron

Question 48

appetite-inhibiting neuron

Answer 48

POMC proopiomelanocortin

Question 49

appetitie-stimulating neuron

Answer 49

Neuropeptide Y NPY

Question 50

_ is a hormone that acts on the hypothalamus in the brain via a negative feedback loop to regulate energy intake *appetite regulator

Answer 50

leptin

Question 51

_ deposits into the adipocyte cause a release of leptin which triggers the hypothalamus to to reduce appetite and the drive to eat

Answer 51

triglycerides

Question 52

leptin transport across the blood brain barrier is impaired in _ individuals

Answer 52

obese *leptin resistant

Question 53

weight loss _ leptin levels and weight gain _ circulating levels

Answer 53

reduces leptin increases circulating levels

Question 54

weight loss may activate neuroendocrine mechanisms: 4

Answer 54

stimulate hunger decrease energy expenditure decrease thyroid levels slow metabolism

Question 55

_ is a hormone secreted in the small intestine that slows gastric emptying and and send satiey signals to the hypothalamus *PROVIDES SHORT TERM INFO ABOUT HUNGER

Answer 55

cholecystokinin (CCK)

Question 56

stimulates hunger, hunger hormone, prepares the body to deal with incoming food * short term info about hunger and satiety * stimulated frowth hormone release from pituitary gland

Answer 56

ghrelin

Question 57

_ hormone released from the colon and rectum acts on hypothalamus to suppress appetite 2-6 hours after a meal acts on pancreas to increase digestive juices stimulates gallbladder to release bile

Answer 57

peptide YY

Question 58

_ levels are lower in obese individuals than lean individuals *reduces ghrelin

Answer 58

peptide yy

Question 59

genetics influence appetite and metabolism _%

Answer 59

25%

Question 60

2 ways genes contribute to obesity:

Answer 60

rare mutations (ex lacking the gene that produces leptin) poygenic obesity - genetic variants that interact with "at-risk" environment

Question 61

RMR is _ in white women than in black women attributed to _

Answer 61

higher lower organ mass in black women (organ mass is metabolically active)