chapter 8.2

Question 1

primary amenorrhea

Answer 1

the absence of menarche in the pubertal age

Question 2

secondary amenorrhea

Answer 2

the cessation of menses after menarche but the person is considered to young for menopause.

Question 3

conditions associated with primary amenorrhea

Answer 3

gonadal dysgenesis, FSH/LH receptor abnormalities, Androgen insensitivity syndrome

Question 4

conditions associated with secondary amenorrhea

Answer 4

pregnancy (most common), premature ovarian insufficiency, polysystic ovarian syndrome (most common cause of infertility)

Question 5

Thelarche

Answer 5

the beginning of breast development

Question 6

metrorrhagia

Answer 6

bleeding between periods

Question 7

hypomenorrhea

Answer 7

deficient amount of menstrual flow

Question 8

oligomenorrhea

Answer 8

infrequent menstruation from failure to ovulate

Question 9

polymenorrhea

Answer 9

increased frequency of menstruation

Question 10

menorrhagia

Answer 10

increased amount or duration of menstrual flow

Question 11

dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Answer 11

abnormal endometrial bleeding. common around menarche and menopause.

Question 12

dysmenorrhea

Answer 12

mestruation painful enough to limit normal activity

Question 13

primary dysmenorrhea

Answer 13

develops 1-2 years after menarche

Question 14

secondary dysmenorrhea

Answer 14

dull pain that may increase with age

Question 15

cystocele

Answer 15

protrusion of a portion of the bladder into the anterior vagina

Question 16

rectocele

Answer 16

protrusion of anterior rectal wall into the posterior portion of the vagina.

Question 17

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Answer 17

infection of any reproductive organs

Question 18

PID may cause the following

Answer 18

infertility, ectopic pregnancy, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia (painful intercourse), and pelvic adhesions.

Question 19

volvovaginitis causitive agent

Answer 19

Candida albicans- causes thick, white discharge.

Question 20

uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)

Answer 20

develop in 20% of all women over 35. more common in blacks.

Question 21

clinical manifestations of uterine leiomyomas

Answer 21

abdominal pain/pressure, menorrhagia; even backache, constipation, and urinary symptoms

Question 22

ovarian cysts types

Answer 22

follicular cysts and corpus luteum systs

Question 23

follicular cysts

Answer 23

occur when a maturing follicle fails to release an ovum.

Question 24

corpus luteum cysts

Answer 24

corpus luteum fails to degenerate normally, continues to produce progesterone.

Question 25

dermoid cysts (teratomas)

Answer 25

contain derivatives in all three embryonic germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm, & ectoderm

Question 26

endometriosis

Answer 26

the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity.

Question 27

clinical indications of endometriosis

Answer 27

dysmenorrhea beginning 5-7 days after menses. dyspareunia & painful defecation.

Question 28

treatment of endometriosis

Answer 28

hormonally induce pseudopregnancy state, laparscopic laser removal of implants, removal of fallopian tubes.

Question 29

cancer of the cervix caused by

Answer 29

HPV

Question 30

risk factors for cervical cancer

Answer 30

herpes simplex virus type 2 and other STDs, multiple sexual partners, multiple pregnancies, 1st intercourse < 16, smoking, poor nutrition

Question 31

diagnosis of cervical cancer

Answer 31

Papanocolaou (Pap) smear

Question 32

risk factors for endometrial cancer

Answer 32

infertility, late menopause/early menarche, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, breast or ovarian cancer, family history, caucasian race, unopposed estrogen use.

Question 33

vaginal cancer risk factors

Answer 33

same risk factors as cervical cancer

Question 34

hyperemesis gravidarum

Answer 34

excessive vomiting in pregnancy. multiple fetuses and hydatiform mole increase incidence

Question 35

placenta previa

Answer 35

placenta implanted over the cervical os

Question 36

abruption placentae

Answer 36

premature separation of the placenta before delivery

Question 37

spontaneous abortion

Answer 37

usually due to abnormal fetuses.

Question 38

mammary duct ectasia

Answer 38

collective ducts beneath nipples become dilated and filled with debris. common in older women.

Question 39

clinical manifestations of mammary duct ectasia

Answer 39

dimpling of breast, mass beneath areola, and nipple inversion.

Question 40

breast abscess

Answer 40

nonlactational abscesses

Question 41

breast cancer

Answer 41

most common cancer in american women and 2nd leading cancer killer.

Question 42

risk factors for breast cancer

Answer 42

female sex, prolonged hormone exposure, 1st birth > 35, high parity, age, and family history