chapter 9

Question 1

sufi

Answer 1

like a spiritually educated muslim teacher

Question 2

christians in the caliphate

Answer 2

if you were anything but muslim you had to pay the dhimmi tax or you had to convert

Question 3

education in the caliphate

Answer 3

a very important element in islamic society
many universities and places of study were founded

Question 4

dhimmi

Answer 4

protected, non-muslim, people who were permitted to practice their religion if they payed the jizya tax
- occasionally subjected to violence and discrimination

Question 5

mongol

Answer 5

sacked a lot of their outlying cities that the mamluk ruled
sacked baghdad (during Abbasid caliphate) leading to the collapse
Even though they mostly ended this muslim empire, some Mongols converted and started their own muslim civilization

Question 6

kublai khan

Answer 6

ruler of the mongols
marco polo served him in china

Question 7

ottoman social structure

Answer 7

muslims are higher
-you can work your way up
- non muslims had a relatively lower social class and were subject to taxes and some restrictions
- each millet (nation) had its own reliious leader
- clear boundaries between social groups was important for the ottomans (different clothing rules/ dress codes for different communities)

-bureaucrats, religious scholars, and military officials had the greatest social power.
- Warrior-aristocrats, who were mostly Muslim, benefited from tax exemptions and the timar system of land grants.
- warriors were given land
- lowest class: merchants, farmers, herdsman, manufacturers, and seafarers.
- lowest class was the engine of the empire

-there was some fluidity
-commoners could be rich or poor
- people could make their way up or down the latter with wealth, lineage, or social status

Question 8

trade network

Answer 8

• silk road brought a lot of trade and advancements through venice, constantinople (now istanbul), russia, mediterranean sea, black sea etc.

Question 9

silk road

Answer 9

-a system of trading routes to and from China that crossed the mountains and deserts of Central Asia.
-brought a lot of goods through venice and increased trade
- marco polo, his dad and uncle used this to get to kublai khan (marcos 1st time, niccolo and maffeos 2cnd time)

Question 10

ibn battuta

Answer 10

muslim legal scholar
-wanted to find the best scholars so he set out on a donkeys back
-his voyage was not only for finding the best teachers but for the hajj as well (killing two birds with one stone)
-born in tangier

Question 11

janissary

Answer 11

-young male christian slaves taken from wars in the balkans
- raised in islamic faith
- either became administrators for the sultan or one of his own personal body guards
- they used new weapons and were a big factor in the wide expansion of the ottoman empire

Question 12

islam in europe

Answer 12

-when islam spread into europe (afro-eurasia)n they began to take over areas with mostlu christian and non-muslim people
-they either had to become a dhimmi and pay the jizya tax to practice their religion safely or they had to convert
- the government received a lot of money from this tax so they didn’t really try to convert people

Question 13

muhammad

Answer 13

-muslim prophet
-The Arabs began to resent the Umayyads because they weren’t elected nor were they relatives of muhammad
- Abbasids were related to Muhammad
After Muhammad died the Muslim community in Arabia was led by a caliph

Question 14

sub-saharan africa

Answer 14

sub-saharan africa is where Mali was located

Question 15

marco polo

Answer 15

-At the height of the Mongol Empire, Marco Polo served Emperor Kublai Khan in China
-returned to Venice
- got captured in battle
- one of his cellmates, rusticello was experienced in writing and wrote polos account on his experiences and adventures in china (in french dialect)
-that would give Europeans some of their earliest information about China.
- born in venice, italy on the eastern coast (or maybe croatia)

Question 16

mamluk

Answer 16

a lot of non- arab people came into the city and became enslaved soldiers called mamluks
They weren’t very loyal
This happened when there was an influx of Central Asian people
They ended up gaining enough power to have a say on who the caliph was and started creating their own dynasties around the caliphate especially Egypt
Mongols sacked a lot of their outlying cities that they ruled

Question 17

vizier

Answer 17

a high official in some muslim countries

Question 18

ottoman

Answer 18

one of the largest and most long-lasting empires in world history
- one of the first people to use gunpowder
- multi-ethnic & multi-religious

Question 19

mali

Answer 19

rose after susu
located in west africa
first Mansa was sunjata (mali expanded alot under him)
next mansa was mansa musa
mali controlled a lot of gold trade

Question 20

ambassador

Answer 20

ibn battuta became one of these
- appointed by the king of india
- made him responsible for taking shiploads of goods to the Yuan emperor, in return for the emperor’s previous gifts of 100 slaves and cartloads of cloth and swords.

Question 21

monk

Answer 21

a devoted member of a religion usually under chastity, poverty, vows etc

Question 22

mansa musa

Answer 22

ruler of mali (in subsiharan africa)
one of the wealthiest men of his time
became mansa at some point

Question 23

hajj

Answer 23

pilgrimage to mecca that ibn battuta wanted to take (everyone in his religion had to do this at some point in his life)

Question 24

grassland

Answer 24

region south of the saharan desert called the sahel or western sudan was a grassland
- had some rivers like the niger and senegal and also had the chad basin lakes

Question 25

caliphate

Answer 25

islamic empire

Question 26

abbasid

Answer 26

-third caliphate
-Came after Umayyads
-Were related to Muhammad
-They were arab but also made it less arab central
-Moved the caliphate from Damascus→ Bagdhad
-Baghdad rose to very large heights during this caliphate
-Made more space for non-Arabs (Turks and Persians)
-They spent too much money which led to the ultimate collapse and being sacked by mongols

Question 27

umayyad

Answer 27

• the second caliphate (rashidun was first)
• Developed a more sophisticated way to rule over their territory
• The Arabs began to resent the Umayyads because they weren’t elected nor were they relatives of muhammad
  Replaced by the Abbasids
• As they conquered Persia and Byzantium they were influenced by some of their customs like the DIWAN

Question 28

byzantine empire

Answer 28

-destroyed (along with the persians) under the Rashidun caliphate while they were expanding out of arabia because they were vulnerable (plague and war)
-former soldiers had been in there army were now apart of the caliphate
-women secluded

Question 29

DISCUSSION #1
describe the rise of the muslim caliphates

Answer 29

-after the death of muhammad a caliph was elected
- this was a spiritual and political leader elected by his fellow muslims
-supposed to be related to muhammad
- influenced by byzantine and persian state craft because they conquered them while expanding out of arabia
- rashidun expanded but the umayyad was when they really flourished.
-adopted a lot of customs and political structures like collecting taxes, the diwan, paying soliders and for public work
- the caliph ended up becoming more of a king like figure
- soon were more concerned about ruling than safeguarding the region
- people did not like the umayyads AND they were not relatives of muhammad so they were replaced by the abbassids

Question 30

DISCUSSION #2
describe the life of one of the 2 explorers we studied

Answer 30

Marco Polo
- before he was born his father (niccolo) and his two uncles who were all merchants went out to the mongol capital of china. They had an extravagent meeting with Kublai Khan, the grandson of Ghengis Khan
- After 16 years, they came home and niccolo saw that he a 15 year old son that he had never met and that his wife had died. Marco had been born in venice italy which was on the eastern coast or maybe even in croatia. 2 years later his dad and uncle took him to see kublai khan via the silk road. This took 3 1/2 years. Marco Polo was very educated and talented so when niccolo offered Marco’s services to kublai kahn, he accepted. Kublai khan was also in need of non mongol administrators anyway. During these years, Marco served in many administrative roles for the emporer and was very successful in them Because this family was doing such a good job, Kublai khan did not want to go home but after more than 16 years in china, they wanted to go back. He finally allowed them so they left while escorting a mongolian princess. When Marco arrived home, many thought he was dead. Then, while venice was at war with genoa, marco polo was imprisoned and met his cellmate rusticello who was a writer. Marco polo told him of his adventures and rusticello wrote them all down into a book called “the travels of marco polo”. When peace was made between venice and genoa, marco was released and soon went back to venice to marry his wife donata badoer. Together they had 3 daughters. He was working as a buisnessman from home until he was 70 when he died and was buried under a church (church of san lorenzo).

Question 31

mongol capital

Answer 31

Khanbaliq (city of the Khan).