Chapter 9 Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
antibody
A
protective protein produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of a specific foreign substance called an antigen
2
Q
antigen
A
substance, recognized as harful to the host, that stimulates formation of antibodies in an immunocompetent individual
3
Q
bile pigment
A
substance derived from the breakdown of hemoglobin and excreted by the liver
4
Q
cytokine
A
chemical substance produced by certain cells that initiates, inhibits, increases, or decreases in other cells; acts as a messenger between B and T cells
5
Q
dendritic cell
A
specialized type of monocyte that displays antigens on its cell surfaces and presents them to components of the immune system
6
Q
immunocompetent
A
possessing the ability to develop an immune response
7
Q
natural killer (NK) cells
A
specialized lymphocytes that destroy virally infected cells and tumor cells by releasing chemicals that disrupt their cell membranes, causing their intercellular fluid to leak out
8
Q
blood
A
connective tissue composed of a liquid medium called plasma in which solid components are suspended; including:
1) red blood cells (erythrocytes)
2) white blood cells (leukocytes)
3) platelets (thrombocytes)
9
Q
locations for blood cell formation
A
skull, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis, and ends of the long bones in the arms and legs
10
Q
hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)
A
the development of blood cells into their mature forms
11
Q
red blood cells (RBCs)
A
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide and are the most numerous of the circulating blood cells
12
Q
erythropoiesis
A
the development of red blood cells into their mature forms; includes:
1) decrease in size
2) extrusion of their nuclei
3) develop hemoglobin
13
Q
hemoglobin (Hb, Hgb)
A
gives RBCs their red color; carries oxygen to body tissues and exchanges if for carbon dioxide; breaks down into hemosiderin and several bile pigments
14
Q
white blood cells (WBCs)
A
protect the body against invasion by pathogens and foreign substances, remove debris from injured tissue, and aid in the healing process
15
Q
phagocytosis
A
WBCs ability to ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles
16
Q
diapedesis
A
the migration of WBCs through endothelial walls of capillaries and venules into tissue spaces
17
Q
granulocytes (polymorphonuclear leukocytes, PMNLs, polys)
A
type of WBC with granules in its cytoplasm; further classified as:
1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils
18
Q
agranulocytes (mononuclear lymphocytes, MNLs)
A
type of WBC without granules in its cytoplasm; further classified as:
1) lymphocytes
2) Monocytes
19
Q
neutrophil
A
polymorphonuclear; lilac granules; first cells to arrive at a site of injury, provides nonspecific protection by phagocytes, and dies as a result of phagocytosis
20
Q
eosinophil
A
polymorphonuclear; red granules; combats multicellular parasites (worm infestations), and controls mechanisms associated with allergies
21
Q
basophil
A
polymorphonuclear; purple granules; initiates inflammation
22
Q
lymphocytes
A
mononuclear; agranular; provides aquired (specific) immunity; two types:
1) B cells
2) T cells
23
Q
monocytes
A
mononuclear; agranular; performs mildily phagocytic function, and becomes a macrophage (think phagocyte) when it enters tissues and functions in immunity as an antigen-presenting cells (APC)
24
Q
platelets (thrombocytes)
A
smallest formed elements found in blood; cell fragments; initiate blood clotting when they encounter vessel walls that have been injured or traumatized
25
thromboplastin
a substance released by clotting factors in platelets and injured tissues that initiate clot formation
26
fibronogen
a soluble blood protein that becomes insoluble and forms fibrin strands to trap blood cells during coagulation
27
thrombus (blood clot)
the jellylike mass of blood cells and fibrin that impedes blood flow to the surrounding tissues
28
hemostasis
the impedement of blood flow into surrounding tissues
29
plasma
the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended; constantly leaks out of cells to deliver its products to the surrounding cells and exchanges them for waste materials produced by body cells which makes cellular communication possible; composed of:
- 92% water
- albumins
- globulins
- fibrinogen (plasma proteins)
- clotting factors
- gases
- nurtients
- salt
- hormones
30
blood serum
a product of blood plasma which is formed when fibrinogen and clotting factors are removed from blood plasma
31
blood types
1) A
2) B
3) AB
4) O
RBCs carries antigen specified by type, plasma carries opposite antibodies
32
lymph
fluid of the lymphatic system that contains lymphocytes and monocytes, a network of tranporting vessels called lymph vessels, and a multiplicity of other structures, including nodes, the spleen, the thymus, and the tonsils
33
functions of the lymphatic system
- maintaining fluid balance of the body by draining intersitial fluid from tissue spaces and returning it to the blood
- transporting lipids away from the digestive organs for use by body tissues
- filtering and removing unwanted or infectious products in lymph nodes
34
intersitial (tissue fluid) fluid
the remaining fluid after plasma seeps from blood capillaries and enters surrounding tissues; contains slightly less protein than plasma
35
lymph capillaries
after the intersitial fluid collects cellular debris, bacteria, and particulate matter, it enters lymph capillaries to become lymph
36
right lymphatic duct
the point at which lymph vessels from the right chest and arm enter
37
right subclavian vein
a major vessel in the cardiovascular system that the right lymphatic duct drains into
38
thoracic duct
the point at which lymph from all areas of the body (besides the right chest and arm) enter
39
left subclavian vein
a major vessel in the cardiovascular system that the throacic duct drains into
40
spleen
acts as a lymph node (filters by removing cellular debris, bacteria, parasites, and other infectious agents), but also destroys old RBCs and serves as a repository for healthy blood cells
41
thymus
located in the upper part of the chest (mediastinum); partially coontrols the immune system by transforming certain lymphocytes into T cells to function in the immune system
42
tonsils
masses of lymphatic tissue located in the pharynx; they act as filters to protect the upper respiratory structures from invasion by pathogens
43
pathogens
disease-causing organisms
44
innaten (nonspecific) immunity
includes barriers designed to keep pathogens from gaining entry into the body; it does not differentiate the various types of pathogens; includes:
1) first-line barriers
2) second-line barriers
45
first-line barriers
keep pathogens from entering the body, including the skin and mucous membranes, tears, saliva, and gastric secretions
46
second-line barriers
stop the spread of pathogens once they have gained entry, including phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and inflammation
47
aquired (specific) immunity
identifies and specifically destroys pathogens once they have gained entry; produces unique cells and processes that destroy a particular antigen
48
B cells
respond as the principal defense, the form of immunity that develops is humoral or antibody immunity
49
T cells
respond as the main defense system, the form of immunity that develops is cellular immunity
50
plasma cells
create highly specific antibodies that bind to their corresponding antigens forming unique molucules called antigen-antibody complexes that lead to the destruction of the antigen by the immune system
51
memory B cells
retreat to lymphatic system and remain prepared to repeat the same procedure upon a subsequent encounter with the same antigen
52
cytotoxic T (CD8) cells
determine and attack the specific weakness of the cell and destroys it
53
helper T (CD4) cells
- provide essential assistance to maintain B-cell activity
- produce cytokines that activate, direct and regulate most of the other components of the immune system
- require a threshold number to avoid a shutdown of the entire immune system
54
supressor T cells
monitor and terminate humoral and cellular response when infection resolves
55
memory T cells
migrate to lymphatic system and remain prepared for a second encounter should the same antigen reappear
56
aden/o
gland
57
agglutin/o
clumping, gluing
58
blast/o
embryonic cells
59
chrom/o
color
60
erythr/o
red
61
granul/o
granule
62
hem/o (1 of 2)
blood
63
hemat/o (1 of 2)
blood
64
immun/o
immune, immunity, safe
65
leuk/o
white
66
lymph/o
lymph
67
lymphaden/o
lymph gland (node)
68
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
69
morph/o
form, shape, structure
70
myel/o
bone marrow; spinal cord
71
nucle/o
nucleus
72
phag/o
swallowing, eating
73
poikil/o
varied, irregular
74
ser/o
serum
75
sider/o
iron
76
splen/o
spleen
77
thromb/o
blood clot
78
thym/o
thymus gland
79
-blast
embryonic cell
80
-globin
protein
81
-penia
decrease, deficiency
82
-phil
attraction for
83
-phylaxis
protection
84
-poiesis
formation, production
85
-stasis
standing still
86
aniso-
unequal, dissimilar
87
hypersensitivities
abnormally heightened immune responses
88
immunodeficiencies (immune deficiencies)
abnormally depressed immune responses
89
autoimmune disease
when the immune system fails to accurately differentiate foreign antigens from the body's own antigens found on cells and tissues and begins its destructive behavior to the detriment of the individual; diseases include:
1) rheumatoid arthritis
2) systemic lupus erythematosus
3) multiple sclerosis
4) myasthenia gravis
5) vasculitis
6) various thyroid disorders
90
hematology
the branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes
91
hematologist
the physician that specializes in the branch of medicine that studies blood cells, blood-clotting mechanisms, bone marrow, and lymph nodes
92
allergy and immunology
the branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system, including asthma and anaphylaxis, adverse reactions to drugs, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantations, and malignancies of the immune system
93
allergists and immunologists
physicians who specialize in the branch of medicine involving disorders of the immune system
94
anemia (erythropenia, erythrocytopenia)
a deficiency in the number of erythrocytes or in the amount of hemoglobin within the red blood cells (hypochromia)
95
sickle cell anemia
a hereditary anemia that primarily affects individuals of African ancestry that results from a defective hemoglobin molecule that causes RBCs to assume bizarre shapes; folic acid is commonly recommended to be helpful in controling the disease
96
hemoglobinopathy
any disorder caused by abnormalities in the hemoglobin molecule
97
sickle cell crisis
severe pain that occurs when tissue distal to a blockage (caused by sickle cells) undergoes ischemia
98
aplastic (hypoplastic) anemia
a serious form of anemia associated with bone marrow failure, resulting in erythropenia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia; it is commonly caused by some autoimmune disorders, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and exposure to certain cytotoxic agents
99
folic-acid deficiency anemia
the inability to produce sufficient red blood cells (RBCs) because of the lack of folic acid, a B vitamin essential for eythropoiesis; it is caused by insifficient folic acid intake resulting from poor diet, impaired absorption, prolonged drug therapy, or increased requirements (pregnancy or rapid growth as seen in children)
100
hemolytic anemia
the destruction of RBCs, commonly resulting in jaundice; it is associated with some inherited immune and blood (sickle cell anemia) disorders, medications, and incompatible transfusions
101
iron-deficiency anemia
a lack of sufficient iron in RBCs; it is caused by a greater demand for stored iron than can be supplied, usually as a result of inadequate dietary iron intake or malabsorption of iron
102
pernicious anemia (PA)
a chronic, progressive anemia found mostly in people older than age 50 resulting from a lack of sufficient vitamin B12 needed for blood cell development; it is commonly the result of insufficient intrinsic factor in the stomach essential for absorption of vitamin B12
103
allergy
an aquired immune response which requires an initial exposure (sensitization) to an allergen (antigen); symptoms can include:
1) hives (uticaria)
2) eczema
3) allergic rhinitis
4) asthma
5) anaphylaxis
104
uticaria
hives
105
allergy shots (immunotherapy, biotherapy)
these can help with an allergy response to pollens, pet dander, molds, dust mites, and venom (but not foods) by causing your body to treat the injection like a vaccine so that the body produces antibodies against the allergen
106
autoantigens
antigens found on cells and tissues of one's body
107
blood cancers
the major types of blood cancers include:
1) myelomas - affect a single type of bone marrow cell
2) lymphomas - arise in the lymphatic system
3) leukemias - affect blood and bone marrow
108
leukemia
an oncological disorder of blood and blood-forming organs and is characterized by an overgrowth of blood cells; the body replaces healthy blood and bone marrow cells with immature, nonfucntional cells (leading to anemias, infections, and bleeding disorders)
109
acute leukemia
the disease has a sudden onset and blood cells are highly embyronic (blastic) with few mature forms; severe anemia, infections, and bleeding disorders appear early in the disease
110
chronic leukemia
signs and symptoms are slow to develop because there are usually enough mature cells to carry on the functions of the various cell types
111
aquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
infectious disease caused the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that destroys the CD4 (helper T) cells of the immune system to such an extent that the patient falls victim to infections that usually do not affect healthy individuals (opprotunistic infections)
112
coagulation disorders
any disruption or impairment in the ability to form blood clots or control bleeding
113
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
abnormal blood clotting in small vessels throughout the body that cuts off the supply of oxygen to distal tissues, resulting in damage to body organs
114
hemophilia
congenital hereditary disorder characterized by a deficiency in clotting factor VIII (hemophilia A) or clotting favor IX (hemophilia B), resulting in prolonged bleeding; also called bleeder's disease
115
thrombocytopenia
abnormal decrease in platelets caused by low production of platelets or their increased destruction in the blood vessels, spleen, or liver
116
graft rejection
process in which a recipient's immune system identifies the transplanted graft as "foreign" and attacks or destroys it
117
graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
complication that occurs following a stem cell or bone marrow transplant in which the transplant produces antibodies against the recipient's organs, commonly severely enough to cause death
118
infectious mononucleosis
acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that primarily affects young adults and children and causes fatigue, malaise, sore throat, and lymphadenopathy of the neck or armpits; also called mono and kissing disease
119
Kaposi sarcoma (KS)
cancer caused by the human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) that mainly affects the skin and mucous membranes but may also cause extensive visceral organ involvement; also called alignant neoplasm of soft tissue
120
lymphedema
swelling, in primarily a single arm or leg, resulting from an accumulation of lymph within tissues caused by obstruction or disease in the lymph vessels
121
lymphoma
any malignancy involving lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, or both) that commonly affects lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissue
122
Hodgkin (HL) lymphoma
malignancy of B cells that occurs in lymph nodes of the neck or chest and may spread to nearby lymph nodes and the spleen and sometimes to the bone marrow; also called classical Hodgkin lymphoma, Hodgkin disease
123
non-Hodgkin (NHL) lymphoma
any malignancy of B cells, T cells, or NK cells that does not involve Reed-Sternberg cells
124
multiple myeloma
malignancy of the bone marrow that affects plasma cells, leading to proliferation of abnormal antibodies, destruction of healthy bone marrow cells, and weakening of bone tissue
125
sepsis
presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood; also called septicemia or blood poisoning
126
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
widespread autoimmune disease that affects the skin, brain, kidneys, and joints and causes chronic inflammation; also called discoid lupus if symptoms are limited to the skin
127
thrombocythemia
overproduction of platelets, leading to thrombosis or bleeding disorders as a result of platelet malformations
128
antinuclear antibody (ANA)
test that identifies the antibodies that attack the nucleus of the individual's own body cells (autoantibodies)
129
blood culture
test to determine the presence of pathogens in the bloodstream
130
complete blood count (CBC)
series of tests that includes hemoglobin, hematocrit, red and white blood cell counts, platelet counts, and differential counts; also called hemogram
131
monospot
nonspecific rapid serological test for the presence of the heterophile antibody, which develops several days after infetion by Epstein-Barr virus, the organism that causes infectious mononucleosis
132
partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
screening test for deficiencies in clotting factors by measuring the length of time it takes blood to clot; also called activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)
133
prothrombin time (PT)
test used to detect and diagnose bleeding disorders or excessive clotting disorders; also called pro time
134
bone marrow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
highly sensitive imaging procedure that detects lesions and changes in bone tissue and bone marrow, especially in diagnosing multiple myeloma
135
lymphangiography
visualization of lymph channels and lymph nodes using a contrast medium to determine blockages or other pathologies of the lymphatic system
136
lymphoscintigraphy
introduction of a radioactive tracer into the lymph channels to determine lymph flow, identify obstructions, and locate the sentinel node
137
bone marrow aspiration
removal of bone marrow (usually from the pelvis) for microscopic examination using a thin aspirating needle
138
bone marrow transplant (BMT)
infusion of healthy bone marrow stem cells after destroying the diseased bone marrow by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both and commonly used to treat leukemia, aplastic anemia, and certain cancers; also called stem cell transplant
139
lymphadenectomy
removal of lymph nodes, especially in surgical procedures indertaken to remove malignant tissue, in an effort to control the spread of cancer
140
sentinel node excision
removal of the first node (sentinel node) that received drainage from the cancer-containing areas and the one most likely to contain malignant cells
141
immunotherapy
any form of treatment that alters, enhances, stimulates, or restores the body's own natural immune mechanisms to treat diseases; also called biological therapy
142
immunoglobulin (IG) therapy
treatment using antibody mixtures, administered via intravenous, subcutaneous, or intramuscular routes
143
plasmapheresis
dialysis procedure that removes and discards the patient's plasma containing the autoantibodies responsible for tissue destruction in autoimmunity and returns the blood cells to the patient suspended in the plasma of the donor
144
transfusion
infusion of blood or blood products from one person (donor) to another (recipient)
145
anticoagulants
prevent blood clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors or inhibiting their synthesis
146
antifibrinolytics
neutralize fibrinolytic chemicals in the mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and urinary tract to prevent the breakdown of blood clots
147
antimicrobials
destroy bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, depending on the particular drug, generally by interfering with the functions of the cell membrane or the reproductive cycle
148
antiretrovirals
prevent replication of viruses within host cells
149
immunosuppressants
decrease inflammation by suppressing the body's natural immune response
150
thrombolytics
dissolve blood clots by destroying their fibrin strands
151
AB, Ab, ab
antibody, abortion
152
A, B, AB, O
blood types in ABO blood group
153
AIDS
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
154
ANA
antinuclear antibody
155
APC
antigen-presenting cell
156
APTT
activated partial thromboplastin time
157
BMT
bone marrow transplant
158
CBC
complete blood count
159
CO2
carbon dioxide
160
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
161
diff
differential count (white blood cells)
162
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
163
EBV
Epstein-Barr virus
164
GVHD
graft-versus-host disease
165
Hb, Hgb
hemoglobin
166
HHV-8
human herpes virus 8
167
HIV
human immunodeficiency virus
168
HL
Hodgkin lymphoma
169
Ig
immunoglobulin
170
IVIG
intravenous immunoglobulin
171
KS
Kaposi sarcoma
172
MNL
mononuclear leukocytes
173
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
174
NHL
non-Hodgkin lymphoma
175
NK cell
natural killer cell
176
O2
oxygen
177
PA
pernicious anemia
178
PCP
pneumocytosis pneumonia; primary care physician
179
PMN
polymorphonuclear
180
PMNL, poly
poymorphonuclear leukocyte
181
PT
prothrombin time, physical therpay
182
PTT
partial thromboplastin time
183
RA
right atrium; rheumatoid arthritis
184
RBC, rbc
red blood cell
185
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
186
WBC, wbc
white blood cell
