Chapter 4 Flashcards
(183 cards)
1
Q
chromatin
A
structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins
2
Q
chromosome
A
threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid that carries hereditary information encoded in genes
3
Q
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A
molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides
4
Q
metabolism
A
sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism
5
Q
organelle
A
cellular structure that provides a specialized function
6
Q
Level of Organization
A
1) cells
2) tissues
3) organs
4) organ systems
5) organism
7
Q
cell
A
smallest structure and functional unit of life
8
Q
cytology
A
the study of the body at a cellular level
9
Q
cell membrane
A
acts as a barrier that supports and protect the intracellular contents
10
Q
nucleus
A
responsible for metabolism, growth, and reproduction
11
Q
tissue
A
composed of similar cells that perform specialized or common functions
12
Q
histology
A
the study of tissues
13
Q
epithelial tissue
A
covers surface of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portion of glands, and makes up the outer layer of the skin (epidermis)
14
Q
connective tissue
A
supports and connects other body tissues
15
Q
muscle tissue
A
provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement
16
Q
nervous tissue
A
transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body
17
Q
organs
A
body structures that perform specialized functions
18
Q
organ systems
A
composed of varying numbers of organs and accessory structures that have similar or related functions
19
Q
organism
A
the highest level of organization
20
Q
Anatomical Position
A
person stands erect, facing forward, and the arms are at the sides of the body, with the palms of the hands turned forward and feet parallel to each another
21
Q
body planes
A
an imaginary flat surface that divides the body into two sections
22
Q
coronal plane
A
divides body into an anterior and posterior section
23
Q
transverse (horizontal) plane
A
divides the body into top and bottom sections
24
Q
midsagittal plane
A
dividing body into left and right halves
25
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
26
AP
anteroposterior
27
Bx, bx
biopsy
28
CBC
complete blood count
29
CT
computed tomography
30
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
31
Dx
diagnosis
32
I&D
incision and drainage
33
LAT, lat
lateral
34
LLQ
left lower quadrant
35
LUQ
left upper quadrant
36
PET
positron emission tomography
37
RF
rheumatoid factor; radio frequency
38
RLQ
right lower quadrant
39
RUQ
right upper quadrant
40
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
41
Sx
symptom
42
Tx
treatment
43
U&L, U/L
upper and lower
44
US
ultrasound, ultrasonography
45
abduction
movement away from the midsagittal plane of the body or one of its parts
46
adduction
movement toward the midsagittal plane of the body
47
medial
pertaining to the midline of the body or structure
48
lateral
pertaining to a side
49
superior (cephalad)
toward the head or upper portion of a structure
50
inferior (caudal)
away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure
51
proximal
nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body
52
distal
further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body
53
anterior (ventral)
front of the body
54
posterior (dorsal)
back of the body
55
parietal
pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
56
visceral
pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
57
prone
lying on the abdomen, face down
58
supine
lying horizontally on the back, face up
59
inversion
turning inward or inside out
60
eversion
turning outward
61
palmar
pertaining to the palm of the hand
62
plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
63
superficial
toward the surface of the body (external)
64
deep
away from the surface of the body (internal)
65
Body Cavities
spaces within the body that hold, protect, separate, and support internal organs
66
dorsal (posterior) cavity
located on the back of the body
67
ventral (anterior) cavity
located on the front of the body
68
cranial cavity (dorsal)
formed by the skull; contains the brain
69
spinal cavity (dorsal)
formed by the backbone (spine); contains spinal cord
70
meninges
membranes that line dorsal cavities and covers the brain and spinal cord
71
thoracic cavity (ventral)
located above the diaphragm; contains the lungs and heart
72
abdominopelvic cavity (ventral)
abdominal + pelvic cavities
73
abdominal cavity (abdominopelvic)
superior to pelvic cavity; contains liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys
74
pelvic cavity (abdominopelvic)
inferior to abdominal cavity; contains urinary bladder and reproductive organs
75
abdominopelvic quadrants
used to describe pain, lesions, abrasions, punctures, burns, and incision sites (used for clinical examination, reporting, and charting); RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ
76
abdominopelvic regions
used to identify location of underlying body structures and visceral organs (used for clinical examinations, reporting, and charting)
77
right hypochondriac (region)
upper right lateral region beneath ribs
78
epigastric (region)
upper middle region
79
left hypochondriac (region)
upper left lateral region beneath the ribs
80
right lumbar (region)
middle right lateral region
81
umbilical (region)
region of the navel
82
left lumbar (region)
middle left lateral region
83
right inguinal/iliac (region)
lower right lateral region
84
hypogastric (region)
lower middle region
85
left inguinal/iliac (region)
lower left lateral region
86
vertebrae
the 26 irregular bones that form the spine
87
cervical
neck
88
thoracic
chest
89
lumbar
pertaining to the loin
90
sacral
pertaining to the lower back
91
coccyx
tailbone
92
cyt/o
cell
93
hist/o
tissue
94
kary/o
nucleus
95
nucle/o
nucleus
96
anter/o
anterior, front
97
caud/o
tail
98
cephal/o
head
99
dist/o
far, farthest
100
dors/o
back (of body)
101
infer/o
lower, below
102
later/o
side, to one side
103
medi/o
middle
104
poster/o
back (of body), behind, posterior
105
proxim/o
near, nearest
106
ventr/o
belly, belly side
107
albin/o
white
108
leuk/o
white
109
chrom/o
color
110
cirrh/o
yellow
111
jaund/o
yellow
112
xanth/o
yellow
113
cyan/o
blue
114
erythr/o
red
115
melan/o
black
116
poli/o
gray; gray matter (of the brain or spinal cord)
117
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)
118
tom/o
to cut
119
viscer/o
internal organs
120
disease
homeostasis is disrupted and cells, tissues, organs, or systems are unable to function effectively
121
signs
objective indicators that are observable
122
symptom
subjective indicator of disease
123
diagnosis
cause or nature of a disease
124
prognosis
prediction of the course of a disease and its probable outcome
125
idiopathic disease
Cause is unknown or exists without any connection with a known cause
126
Types of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures
1) clinical
2) surgical
3) endoscopic
4) laboratory
5) imaging
127
adhesion
abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated (may occur as a result of surgery)
128
edema
abnormal condition of fluid within tissue spaces as a result of a systematic disease or failure of the lymphatic system to drain tissue fluid from the site
129
febrile
having or showing symptoms of a fever
130
gangrene
death and decay of soft tissue, usually caused by circulatory obstruction or infection
131
hernia
protrusion of any organ through the structure that normally contains it
132
inflammation
body defense against injury, infection, or allergy marked by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, sometimes with loss of function
133
mycosis
any fungal infection in or on the body
134
perforation
hole that completely penetrates a structure
135
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum, the serous membrane that surrounds the abdominal cavity and covers its organs, usually caused by bacteria or fungi
136
rupture
sudden breaking or bursting of a structure or organ
137
septicemia
severe bacterial infection of the tissues that spreads to the blood; also called sepsis or blood poisoning
138
suppuration
process of forming pus
139
auscultation
listening to the heart, bowel, and lungs with or without a stethoscope to assess the presence and quality of sounds
140
Assessment Techniques
sequence of procedures designed to evaluate the health status of a patient
141
inspection
general observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas
142
palpation
gentle application of the hands to a specific structure or body area to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness of underlying structures
143
percussion
tapping a body structure with the hand or fingers to assess consistency and the presence or absence of fluids with the underlying structure
144
endoscopy
visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
145
blood chemistry analysis
laboratory test, usually performed on serum, to determine biochemical imbalances, abnormalities, and nutritional conditions
146
complete blood count
broad screening test used to evaluate red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets to determine anemias, infections, and other diseases
147
computed tomography
imaging technique that rotates an x-ray emitter around the area to be evaluated and measures the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
148
fluoroscopy
technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays internal structures in continuous motion
149
magnetic resonance imaging
technique that used radio waves and a strong magnetic field, rather than an x-ray beam, to produce highly detailed, multiplanar, cross-sectional views of soft tissue
150
nuclear scan
technique in which radioactive material (radiopharmaceutical) called a tracer is introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected), and a specialized camera (gamma camera) produces images of organs and structures
151
positron emission tomography
computed tomography records the positrons (positively charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical to produce a cross-sectional image of the metabolic activity of body tissues to determine the presence of disease
152
radiography
technique in which x-rays are passed through the body or area and captured on a film to generate an image; also called x-ray
153
single-photon emission computed tomography
radiological technique that integrates CT and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visualize blood flow to tissues and organs
154
ultrasonography
high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) are directed at soft tissue and reflected as “echoes” to produce an image on a monitor of an internal body structure; also called ultrasound, sonography, and echo
155
biopsy
removal of representative tissue sample from a body site for microscopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis
156
excisional biopsy
biopsy in which entire lesion is removed
157
incisional biopsy
biopsy in which only a small sample of the lesion is removed
158
ablation
removal of a body part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency
159
anastomosis
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
1) end-to-end
2) end-to-side
3) side-to-side
160
curettage
scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette (curet)
161
electrocauterization
use of an electrically activated instrument to burn and destroy diseased tissue
162
incision and drainage
incision made to allow the free flow of fluids and pus from a wound, abscess, or body cavity
163
laser surgery
use of a high-intensity laser light beam to remove diseased tissues, to stop bleeding, or for cosmetic purposes
164
revision
surgical procedure used to replace or compensate for a previously implanted device or correct an undesirable result or effect of a previous surgery
165
-ice
noun ending
166
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
167
lumb/o
loins (lower back)
168
son/o
sound
169
umbilic/o
umbilicus, navel
170
myc/o
fungus
171
periton/o
peritoneum
172
fluor/o
luminous, fluorescent
173
morbid
diseased, unhealthy
174
crani/o
cranium (skull)
175
xer/o
dry
176
acr/o
extremity
177
idi/o
unknown, peculiar
178
coccyg/o
coccyx (tailbone)
179
somat/o
body
180
ECG
electrocardiography
181
electrocardiography
recording of electrical impulses generated in the heart
182
spirometry
pulmonary function test that measures volume and flow of air into and out of the lungs; leads to improved lung function
183
spirometer
helps prevent fluid build up in the lungs and measures volume and flow of air into and out of the lungs
