Chapter 8 Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
leaflets
A
flat, leaf-shaped structures that comprise the valves of the heart and prevent the backflow of blood
2
Q
lumen
A
tubular space or channel within an organ or structure of the body; space within an artery, vein, intestine, or tube
3
Q
regurgitation
A
backflow or ejecting of contents through an opening
4
Q
sphincters
A
circular muscles found in a tubular structure or hollow organ that constrict or dilate to regulate passage of substances through its opening
5
Q
vasoconstriction
A
narrowing of the lumen of a blood vessel that limits blood flow, usually as a result of diseases, medications, or physiological processes
6
Q
vasodilation
A
widening of the lumen of a blood vessel caused by the relaxing of the muscles of the vascular walls
7
Q
viscosity
A
thickness or a measure of how resistant a liquid is to flowing
8
Q
artery
A
carries blood from the heart to all cells of the body
9
Q
tunica externa
A
outer coat of an artery; composed of connective tissue that provides strength and flexibility
10
Q
tunica media
A
middle layer of an artery; composed of smooth muscle; can alter in size depending on the needs of the body
11
Q
tunica intima
A
thin, inner lining of the lumen of the vessel; composed of endothelial cells that provide a smooth surface on the inside of the vessel
12
Q
pulse
A
the surge of blood felt in the arteries when blood is pumped from the heart
13
Q
arterial blood (general characteristics)
A
contains a high concentration of oxygen; appears bright red in color; exception is the pulmonary artery
14
Q
arteriole
A
smaller artery
15
Q
capillaries
A
microscopic vessels that join the arterial system with the venous system
16
Q
precapillary sphincters
A
regulate blood flow through the capillary networks
17
Q
vein
A
returns blood to the heart
18
Q
venule
A
make up veins and are developed from the union of capillaries
19
Q
veins’ methods of returning blood to the heart
A
- skeletal muscle contraction
- gravity
- respiratory activity
- valves
20
Q
valves
A
small structures within the veins that prevent the backflow of blood
21
Q
heart
A
a muscular pump that propels blood to the entire body through a closed vascular network
22
Q
pulmonary circulation
A
delivers blood to the lungs; provided by the right side of the heart
23
Q
systemic circulation
A
delivers blood to body tissues; provided by the the left side of the heart
24
Q
pericardium
A
sac that encloses the heart; composed of three layers
25
endocardium
a serous membrane that lines the four chambers of the heart and its valves and is continuous with the endothelium of the arteries and veins
26
myocardium
the muscular layer of the heart
27
epicardium
the outermost layer of the pericardium
28
right atrium
upper chamber that receives deoxygenated blood
29
left atrium
upper chamber that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
30
right ventricle
lower chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium
31
left ventricle
lower chamber that pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
32
superior vena cava
collects deoxygenated blood from the upper body and returns it to the heart
33
inferior vena cava
collects deoxygenated blood from the lower body and returns it to the heart
34
tricuspid valve
consists of three leaflets and controls flow from the RA to the RV
35
left pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the RV to the left lung
36
right pulmonary artery
carries deoxygenated blood from the RV to the right lung
37
pulmonic valve (pulmonary semilunar valve)
prevents regurgitation of blood into the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery
38
right pulmonary veins (2)
carry oxygenated blood back to the heart and deposit blood in the LA
39
left pulmonary veins (2)
carry oxygenated blood back to the heart and deposit blood in the LA
40
mitral (bicuspid) valve
blood passes from the LA through the valve to the LV; consists of two leaflets
41
aorta
oxygenated blood is pumped from the LV, through the aorta, and out to the body; largest artery of the body
42
aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)
located in the aorta; permits blood to flow in only one direction (from LV to aorta)
43
right coronary artery
the artery vascularizing the right side of the heart
44
left coronary artery
the artery vascularizing the left side of the heart; made up of two branches
1) left anterior descending artery
2) circumflex artery
45
conduction tissue
specialized cardiac tissue that has the function of initiating and spreading contraction impulses
46
4 Types of Conduction Tissue
masses of highly specialized cells that possess characteristics of both nervous and cardiac tissue
1) sinoatrial (SA) node
2) atrioventricular (AV) node
3) bundle of His (AV bundle)
4) Purkinje fibers
47
sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker of the heart)
located in the upper right portion of the right atrium; initiates and propagates each heartbeat, setting the basic pace for the cardiac rate; may be altered by impulses from the autonomic nervous system
48
atrioventricular (AV) node
located at the base of the right atrium; receives electrical impulses from SA node and therefore caused the atria to contract
49
bundle of His (AV bundle)
relays the impulse to the Purkinje fibers; composed of a left and right branch
50
Purkinje fibers
extend up the ventricle walls; transmit the impulse to the right and left ventricles
51
P wave (electrocardiography)
the depolarization (contraction) of the atria
52
QRS complex (electrocardiography)
the depolarization (contraction) of the ventricles
53
T wave (electrocardiography)
the repolarization (recovery) of the ventricles
54
blood pressure (BP)
the force exerted by blood against the arterial walls during two phases of a heartbeat
55
systole
contraction phase when the blood is forced out of the heart
56
diastole
relaxation phase when the ventricles are filling with blood
57
sphygmomano-
meter
measures blood pressure
58
factors that influence blood pressure
- resistance of blood flow in blood vessels
- pumping action of the heart
- viscosity of blood
- elasticity of arteries
- quantity of blood in the vascular system
59
aneurysm/o
aneurysm (widened blood vessel)
60
angi/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
61
vascul/o
vessel (usually blood or lymph)
62
aort/o
aorta
63
arteri/o
artery
64
arteriol/o
arteriole
65
cardi/o
heart
66
coron/o
heart
67
electr/o
electricity
68
embol/o
embolus (plug)
69
hemangi/o
blood vessel
70
my/o
muscle
71
phleb/o
vein
72
ven/o
vein
73
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of eye)
74
sept/o
septum
75
sphygm/o
pulse
76
sten/o
narrowing, stricture
77
thromb/o
blood clot
78
valv/o
valve
79
valvul/o
valve
80
ventricul/o
ventricle (of the heart or brain)
81
-cardia
heart condition
82
-stenosis
narrowing, stricture
83
brady-
slow
84
endo-
in, within
85
extra-
outside
86
peri-
around
87
trans-
across
88
common signs and symptoms of cardiac disorders
chest pain, breathing difficulties, cardiac irregularities, and loss of consciousness
89
cardiologist
specialist concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system
90
cardiology
the medical specialty concerned with disorders of the cardiovascular system
91
arteriosclerosis
a progressive degenerative disease of arterial walls that cause them to become thickened and brittle, restricting the flow of blood to tissue and organs
92
arteriosclerosis (cause)
the buildup of a plaque like substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris on the internal arterial wall; the buildup hardens and increases in size, causing the lumen of the artery to narrow
93
antheroma
buildup of a plaque like substance composed of cholesterol, lipids, and cellular debris
94
infarction
localized tissue death
95
ischemia
localized tissue anemia
96
diaphoresis
excessive sweating
97
hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
98
myalgia
muscle pain
99
arteriosclerosis in the coronary arteries
cause chest pain and tightness, commonly with excessive sweating
100
arteriosclerosis in the carotid or cerebral arteries
causes weakness or paralysis on one side of the body, blurred vision, and confusion
101
arteriosclerosis in the femoral arteries
causes muscle pain in calves, thighs, and feet
102
hyperlipidemia
elevated level of fatty substances in the blood
103
angioplasty
endovascular procedure that reopens narrowed blood vessels to restore forward blood flow
104
endarterectomy
surgical removal of fatty deposits from the inside of the artery; commonly used to treat carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease, and disease of the renal artery and aortic arch
105
coronary artery disease (CAD)
any disease that interferes with the ability of the coronary arteries to supply blood to the myocardium
106
coronary artery disease (causes)
- arteriosclerosis
- hypertension
- diabetes
- hyperlipidemia
- radiation therapy to the chest
107
necrosis
death
108
myocardial infarction (MI)
death of the heart muscle
109
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart and its valves
110
infective endocarditis
endocarditis caused by bacteria that have entered the bloodstream from infections in remote regions of the body (gut, skin, mouth) and have lodged on damaged endocardial tissue or abnormal valves (most common)
111
vegetations
clumps formed by bacteria and other cellular material
112
mitral valve stenosis
narrowing of the mitral valve
113
mitral valve insufficiency
when blood flow to the left ventricle is impeded or the valve cannot close properly
114
vavuloplasty
surgical repair of valves
115
bioprosthetic
mechanical device or one made of human or animal tissue
116
varicose veins
enlarged, engorged, twisted, superficial veins
117
incompetent
not functioning properly
118
varices
varicose veins of the esophagus
119
hemorrhoids
varicose veins of the rectum
120
phlebitis
inflammation of a deep or superficial vein of the arms or legs (more commonly the legs)
121
endogenous ablation
destruction of the tissue within the vein
122
myxoma
most common primary tumor of the heart that is composed of mucous connective tissue; tend to be benign; most arise in the LA
123
pulmonary edema
fluid in the lungs
124
aneurysm
localized abnormal dilation of a vessel, usually an artery
125
fusiform (aneurysm)
dilation of the entire circumference of the artery
126
saccular (aneurysm)
dilation of one side of the artery
127
dissecting (aneurysm)
a tear in the inner layer caused a cavity to form between layers of the artery that fills with blood and expands with each heart beat
128
angina
chest pain caused by obstructions or spams of the coronary arteries that decrease blood flow to the myocardium; also called *angina pectoris*
129
angin/o
choking pain
130
arrhythmia
irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart; also called *dysrhythmia*
131
bradycardia
abnormally slow heart rate, usually fewer than 60 beats per minute in a resting adult
132
fibrillation
abnormally rapid, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium that can affect the atria or the ventricles
133
heart block
interference with the normal transmission of electrical impulses from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
134
tachycardia
abnormally fast but regular rhythm, with the heart possibly beating up to 200 beats/minute
135
bruit
soft, blowing sound heard on auscultation and associated valvular action, the movement of blood as it passes an obstruction, or both; also called *murmur*
136
cardiomyopathy
disease or weakening of heart muscle that diminishes cardiac function
137
coarctation
narrowing of a vessel, especially the aorta
138
embolism
intravascular mass that dislodges from one part of the body and causes a blockage in another area, commonly leading to life-threatening situations
139
heart failure (HF)
disorder that occurs when the heart is unable to effectively pump the quantity of blood required by the body
140
hyperlipidemia
excessive amounts of lipids (cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides) in the blood
141
hypertension (HTN)
elevated blood pressure persistently higher than 140/90 mm Hg
142
hypotension
low blood pressure persistently lower than 90/60 mm Hg
143
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
structural defect in which the mitral (bicuspid) valve leaflets prolapse into the left atrium during ventricular contraction (systole), resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
144
palpitation
sensation of an irregular heartbeat, commonly described as pounding, racing, skipping a beat, or flutter
145
peripheral artery disease (PAD)
common circulatory disorder characterized by a reduced blood flow of blood to the extremities, especially the legs, resulting in muscle cramping and pain, and commonly the result of atherosclerosis
146
rheumatic heart disease (RHD)
serious pathological condition resulting from rheumatic fever, commonly causing permanent scarring of the heart valves, especially the mitral valve
147
syncope
partial or complete loss of consciousness usually caused by a decreased supply of blood to the brain; also called *fainting*
148
thrombosis
abnormal condition in which a blood clot develops in a vessel and obstructs it at the site of its formation
149
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
blood clot that forms in the deep veins of the body, especially those in the legs or thighs; also called *deep venous thrombosis*
150
normal (BP)
systolic = less than 120 mm Hg
diastolic = less than 80 mm Hg
151
prehypertension (HTN)
systolic = 120-139 mm Hg
diastolic = 80-89 mm Hg
152
stage I HTN
systolic = 140-159 mm Hg
diastolic = 90-99 mm Hg
153
stage 2 HTN
systolic = 160 mm Hg or higher
diastolic = 100 mm Hg or higher
154
electrocardiography (ECG, EKG)
procedure that graphically records the spread of electrical excitation to different parts of the heart using small metal electrodes applied to the chest, arms, and legs
155
Holter monitor test
procedure that used a small, portable system to record and store the electrical activity of the heart over a 24-48 hour period; also called *event monitor test*
156
stress test
ECG taken under controlled exercise stress conditions (bicycle or treadmill)
157
cardiac biomarkers
blood test that measures the presence and amount of several substances released by the heart when it is damaged or under stress; also called *cardiac enzyme test*
158
lipid panel
series of blood tests (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides) used to assess risk factors of ischemic heart disease
159
angiography
procedure that records a radiographic image of the inside of a blood vessel (angiogram) after injection of a contrast medium
160
aortography
angiography of the aorta and its branches after injection of a contrast medium
161
coronary angiography
specialized type of angiography that helps diagnose stenosis or obstruction of the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle
162
Doppler US
ultrasonography used to assess the direction and speed of blood flow through blood vessels by reflecting sound waves off red blood cells; also called *ultrasonography using sound pitch*
163
carotid artery US
ultrasound procedure that determines blood flow problems caused by blood clots, plaque, or tears on the walls of the carotid arteries
164
echocardiography (ECHO)
ultrasound test that produces moving images of blood passing through the heart, valves, and chambers, and assess cardiac output
165
myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)
noninvasive imaging test using a radioactive tracer in conjunction with a stress test to show how well blood flows through (perfuses) the heart muscle at rest and during exercise; also called *nuclear stress test*
166
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
myocardial perfusion test that involves injection of a radioactive tracer into the blood while a gamma camera moves in a circle around the patient to create individual images as “slices” of the heart (tomography)
167
cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
specialized MRI procedure that provides images of the heart chambers, valves, major vessels, and pericardium
168
magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)
type of MRI that provides highly detailed images of blood vessels
169
multiple-gated acquisition (MUGA) scan
nuclear procedure that uses radioactive tracers to detect how effectively the heart walls move as they contract and then calculates the ejection fraction rate (amount of blood the ventricle can pump out in one contraction)
170
cardiac catheterization (CC)
passage of a catheter into the heart through a vein or artery to provide a comprehensive evaluation of the heart
171
electrophysiology study (EPS)
special characterization test that involves insertion of electrode catheters into the heart to study and map the conduction system and safely reproduce the abnormal heart rhythm affecting the patient’s heart
172
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
angioplasty of the coronary arteries that involves the inflation of a balloon catheter through the right femoral artery to the site of the stenosis to enlarge the lumen of the artery and restore blood flow
173
cardiac ablation
procedure in which a catheter is inserted through a vein in the groin and threaded to the heart to correct structural problems in the heart that cause an arrhythmia
174
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
placement of a vessel graft from another part of the body to bypass the blocked area of a coronary artery and restore blood supply to the heart muscle
175
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)
small, battery-powered device inserted within the chest of a patient who is at high risk due developing an arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or cardiac arrest; also called *automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (AICD)*
176
open heart surgery
surgical procedure in which the sternum is cut in half vertically to open the chest and expose the heart, its valves, or the arteries
177
pacemaker insertion
implantation of a battery-powered device inside the chest to control the heart rate and rhythm
178
defibrillation
lifesaving emergency treatment to restart the heart in cardiorespiratory arrest by delivering high-voltage electrical current through the heart
179
cardioversion
defibrillation technique using low-energy shocks to reset the heart’s rhythm back to its normal pattern
180
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
lower blood pressure by inhibiting the conversion of angiotensin I (an inactive enzyme) to angiotensin II (a potent vasoconstrictor)
181
angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)
lower blood pressure by blocking the angiotensin II enzyme from causing vasoconstriction
182
antiarrhythmics
prevent, alleviate, or correct cardiac arrhythmias (dysrhythmias) by stabilizing the electrical conduction of the heart
183
anticoagulants
inhibit the body’s natural chistoso response to prevent the formation of clots in blood vessels
184
beta blockers
block the effect of adrenaline, which slows nerve pulses through the heart, causing a decrease in heart rate
185
calcium channel blockers
block movement of calcium (required for blood vessel contraction) into myocardial cells and arterial walls, causing heart rate and blood pressure to decrease
186
diuretics
act on kidneys to increase excretion of water and sodium
187
nitrates
dilate blood vessels of the heart, causing an increase in the amount of oxygen delivered to the myocardium, and widen blood vessels of the body, allowing more blood flow to the heart
188
statins
lower cholesterol in the blood and reduce its production in the liver by blocking the enzyme that produces it
189
AAA
abdominal aortic aneurysm
190
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme (inhibitor)
191
AED
automated external defibrillator
192
AICD
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
193
ARB
angiotensin receptor blocker
194
AV
atrioventricular; arteriovenous
195
BP, B/P
blood pressure
196
CA
cancer; cardiac arrest; chronological age
197
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
198
CAD
coronary artery disease
199
CC
cardiac catheterization
200
CK
creatine kinase (cardiac enzyme); conductive keratoplasty
201
CO2
carbon dioxide
202
CV
cardiovascular
203
DVT
deep vein thrombosis, deep venous thrombosis
204
ECG, EKG
electrocardiogram, electrocardiography
205
ECHO
echocardiogram, echocardiography; echoencephalogram, echoencephalography
206
HTN
hypertension
207
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
208
LA
left atrium
209
LV
left ventricle
210
MI
myocardial infarction
211
MPI
myocardial perfusion imaging
212
MRA
magnetic resonance angiogram; magnetic resonance angiography
213
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
214
MUGA scan
multiple-gated acquisition scan
215
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
216
O2
oxygen
217
PAD
peripheral artery disease
218
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
219
RA
right atrium
220
RV
residual volume; right ventricle
221
RHD
rheumatic heart disease
222
SA, S-A
sinoartrial
223
EPS
electrophysiology studies
224
HF
heart failure
225
Hg
mercury
226
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
227
US
ultrasound
