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Business Fundamentals > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define employee behaiour

A

pattern of actions by the members of an organization that directly or indirectly affects the organization.

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2
Q

What are factors of employee behaviour (3)

A

Performance, organizational citizenship, counterproductive behaviours (absenteeism, turnover)

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3
Q

Define personality

A

Fundamental traits relveant to organiations

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4
Q

What are the personality traits (5)

A

Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Emotionality
Introversion/Extraversion
Openness

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5
Q

Define emotional intelligence/quotient (EQ) (5)

A

Social skills
Self awareness
Self regulation
Motivation
Empathy

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6
Q

Define attitudes

A

reflection of our beliefs and feelings about ideas situations and other people

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7
Q

Define job satisfaction

A

extent to which people have positive attitudes toward their jobs

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8
Q

Define organizational commitment

A

reflects an individual’s identification with the organization and its mission

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9
Q

Define psychological contract

A

expectations held by employees concerning their contribution to an organization and what the organization will provide in return

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10
Q

What are the contributions from an individual in the pyschological contract (6)

A

Effort
Ability
Loyalty
Skills
Time
Competency

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11
Q

What are the contributions from the organization in the pyschological contract (6)

A

Pay
Benefits
Job security
Status
Promotion opp.
Career opp.

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12
Q

Define person-job fit

A

Employee’s contributions, needs, job-related behaviours and abilities match the needs of the job

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13
Q

Define motivation

A

the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways

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14
Q

Give motivational theory names (4)

A

Classical theory and scientific management
Behaviour theory
Contemporary motivation theory

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15
Q

Define classical theory

A

workers are motivated primarily by money, therefore, paying employees more would result in higher levels of production

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16
Q

Define scientific management

A

analyze jobs and find more efficient ways to perform them (time-and-motion studies)

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17
Q

What makes up early behavioural theory (3)

A
  1. Human-Resources model (theory x and y)
  2. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
  3. Two-Factor (motivator-hygiene_ theory
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18
Q

Define the Hawthorne effect

A

tendency for workers productivity to increase when they are receiving special attention from management

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19
Q

Define human resources model (theory x and y)

A

two diametrically opposed perceptions of employees

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20
Q

Define theory X

A

Employees dislike work
Lazy
Irresponsible
Uncooperative
Threaten, or punish, for results

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21
Q

Define theory Y

A

Employees like work
Energetic
Growth oriented
Responsible
Cooperative
Use intrinsic, rather than extrinsic rewards

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22
Q

Define Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

basic needs must be met before an individual seeks higher level needs.

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23
Q

What are the 5 levels of Maslow’s hierarchy

A
  1. Physiological
  2. Security
  3. Social
  4. Esteem
  5. Self-actualization
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24
Q

Define the Hertzberg Two-Factor theory

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A

highlights two sets of factors associated with satisfaction and dissatisfaction in the workplace

25
Define the motivation factors in the Two-Factor theory (5)
(Satisfaction v s. No Satisfaction) Recognition Responsibility Advancement Achievement Work itself
26
Define the hygience factors in the Two-Factor theory (5)
(Dissatisfaction v s. No Dissatisfaction) Supervisors Working Conditions Pay and Security Interpersonal Relations Company Policies and Procedures
27
What makes up the Contemporary Motivation Theory
Expectancy and Equity theories
28
Define the Expectancy theory
people are motivated to work towards rewards that they want and believe they have a reasonable chance of obtaining
29
Define Equity theory
individuals compare their perception of what they contribute and receive to what others contribute and receive; result is a feeling of equity or inequity; ratios must be fair, not the same, to perceive equity
30
What are some strategies to enhance motivation (7)
Reinforcement/Behaviour Modification Theory Goal Setting Theory Management by Objectives Participative Management and Empowerment Team Management Job Enrichment and Job Redesign Modified Work Schedules
31
Define reinforcement
applying (or withholding) positive (or negative) consequences in order to motivate employees positive reinforcement punishment omission negative reinforcement
32
Define the Goal Setting theory
focus on setting goals top help motivate employees S M A R T Goals Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time framed
33
Define management by objectives
system of collaborative goal setting that extends from the top to the bottom of the firm employees learn more about company-wide objectives feel as though they are part of a team see how they can improve company performance by achieving their own goals
34
Define participative management and empowerement
employees are more satisfied if they have a say in how they do their jobs and how the company is managed (Wikis, Quality Circle) employees feel more committed to goals (not desired by all employees)
35
Define team management
individual employees are given decision-making responsibility for certain narrow activities
36
Define the types of teams in team management (5)
Problem Solving Teams Transnational Teams Self-Managed Teams Project Teams (Venture) Virtual Teams
37
Define job enrichement
expanding or adding one or more motivating factors to a job used to increase job satisfaction
38
Define job redesign
increases job satisfaction by improving the employee–job fit combining tasks creating natural work groups establishing client relationships useful for individuals with strong need for growth or achievement
39
Define modified work schedules + ex (4)
allow individuals to fulfill work commitments more effectively around personal or community obligations Flextime compressed workweek telecommuting workshare programs
40
Define flextime
adjusts the standard daily work schedule to fit employees’ needs all must be available during the core time start and end times can vary
41
Define compressed workweek
employees work less days but complete the same amount of hours
42
Define telecommuting
employees do all or some work away from the office home-based office technology is used (computers, voicemail, email, modems, smart phones, overnight delivery services)
43
Define workshare (job sharing) programs
two people share a single, full-time position useful for those who wish to stay in the workforce part-time (mothers with young children, partially retired persons)
44
Which group of people make up the majority of workshare employees
university-educated women in professional occupations
45
Define leadership
process of motivating others to meet goals
46
Define trait approach
identifies traits that would distinguish leaders from non-leaders
47
Define behavioural approach
determines how the behaviours of successful leaders differs from those of unsuccessful leaders task oriented v s. employee oriented
48
Define leadership styles (3)
Autocratic Democratic Free-Rein many managers use one style but some may use a combination of styles depending on the situation
49
Define contingency/situational approach
Leaders behave differently in different situations Based on: characteristics of the leader characteristics of the subordinates characteristics of the situation
50
Define transactional leadership
emphasizes routine, regimented activities that focus on maintaining stability or the status quo
51
Define transformational leadership
the ability of the leader to recognize the need for change; create a vision to make that change happen
52
Define charismatic leadership (4)
possess a high level of confidence possess a strong need to influence others communicate high expectations of subordinates generally more successful at influencing subordinates
53
Define leaders as coaches
help select team members and other new employees provide some general direction help train and develop the team help the team get the information and resources
54
Define gender and leadership
more women in management roles women tend to be more democratic when making decisions
55
Define cross-cultural leadership
new leaders are coming from diverse backgrounds these new leaders may have different leadership styles
56
Define strategic leadership
able to see the whole picture and envision necessary changes
57
Define ethical leadership
follows high standards of ethical leadership
58
Define virtual leadership
involves communication electronically rather than face to face

Business Fundamentals (15 decks)

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