Chapter 9

Question 1

Hormonal changes associated with fat cells
producing

Answer 1

leptin

Question 2

Stimulates BLANK to increase its
production of gonadotropin-releasing
hormone (G n R H)

Answer 2

hypothalamus

Question 3

estradiol production 8 times
higher in females

Answer 3

estrogen

Question 4

testosterone is 20 times higher
in males

Answer 4

androgens

Question 5

directly related to
reproduction

Answer 5

Primary sex characteristics

Question 6

menarche

Answer 6

first menstrual
period

Question 7

spermarche

Answer 7

sperm
development

Question 8

other bodily changes due to hormonal increases
Hair growth, breast development, acne, deeper
voice

Answer 8

Secondary sex characteristics

Question 9

growth of different body parts is
uneven

Answer 9

Asynchronicity

Question 10

Earliest sign of puberty is

Answer 10

adolescent growth spurt

Question 11

change in characteristics
of a population over time

Answer 11

secular trend

Question 12

The cognitive stage in which people learn to think
systematically about possibilities and hypotheses
From age 11 to 15 or 20
development of abstract thinking

Answer 12

Piaget formal operational stage

Question 13

Ability to think scientifically and apply scientific
method to cognitive task

Answer 13

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning

Question 14

Extent to which people use formal operations differs
Adolescents with math and science experience use it more

Answer 14

Individual differences

Question 15

Formal operations takes different forms across cultures
depending on problems people encounter daily

Answer 15

Cultural differences

Question 16

Capacity to think about thinking

Answer 16

Metacognition

Question 17

difficulty distinguishing thinking about own thoughts from thinking about thoughts of others

Answer 17

May result in adolescent egocentrism

Question 18

Belief that others are acutely aware of and attentive to one’s appearance and behavior
Leads to feelings of self-consciousness

Answer 18

The Imaginary Audience

Question 19

Belief in one’s personal uniqueness, including sense
of invulnerability to consequences of taking risks
(texting while driving, substance use, unprotected
sex)

Answer 19

Personal fable

Question 20

difference between skills or
tasks a person can accomplish alone and those they can do
with guidance

Answer 20

Zone of proximal development

Question 21

degree of assistance provided in zone of
proximal development

Answer 21

Scaffolding

Question 22

rigid rules with no explanation, and expect obedience without question or face severe
punishment. Linked to negative outcomes, although researchers say it’s not considered abuse.

Answer 22

Authoritarian

Question 23

reasonable rules and limits to set high expectations. Parents listen to, and support, their
children’s ideas and guide them to be independent, use consistent discipline to teach their children how to
behave well and warmth to help them feel safe

Answer 23

Authoritative

Question 24

children with Blanks parents perform worse in school

Answer 24

authoritarian, permissive, or neglectful

Question 25

Warm, nurturing and usually have minimal or no expectations, impose limited rules on their
children. Parents allow their children to figure things out for themselves. These low levels of expectation
usually result in rare uses of discipline.

Answer 25

Permissive

Question 26

adolescents have best academic performance, followed by Whites,
then Latinos, African Americans, and Native Americans

Answer 26

Asian

Question 27

investigated eight domains of influence on adolescent self-image
Scholastic competence
Social acceptance
Athletic competence
Physical appearance
Job competence
Romantic appeal
Behavioral conduct
Close friendship

Answer 27

Susan harter

Question 28

Americans value more than others

Answer 28

high self-esteem

Question 29

have higher self-esteem than Asian Americans, Latinos, and
Native Americans

Answer 29

whites

Question 30

Gender intensification higher in Blank cultures

Answer 30

traditional

Question 31

Five common patterns in adolescents’ relationships with siblings

Answer 31

Caregiver relationship
Buddy relationship
Critical relationship
Rival relationship
Casual relationship

Question 32

Biological puberty puberty

Answer 32

10-14