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Psy 101 > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

refers to persistence of learning over time, through storage and retrieval of information and skills

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2
Q

Behaviors that show memory is functioning

A

Recall
Recognition
Relearning

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3
Q

Recall

A

analogous to “fill-in-the-blank” retrieve info previously learned and unconsciously stored

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4
Q

Recognition

A

form of “multiple choice”
identify which stimuli match stored information

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5
Q

Relearning

A

Measure of how much less work it takes you to learn information you’d studied before, even if you don’t recall having seen the information before

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6
Q

How does memory work?
3 steps

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval

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7
Q

Encoding

A

information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored

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8
Q

Storage

A

information held in a way that allows it to later be retrieved

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9
Q

Retrieval

A

Reactivating and recalling the information producing in similar form to what was encoded

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10
Q

Models of memory formation
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

A
  1. Stimuli recorded in senses and birefly held in sensory memory
  2. Some information processed into short term memory and encoded through rehearsal
  3. information then moves to long term memory where it can be retrieved later
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11
Q

From stimuli to short term memory

A

some stimuli picked up by senses and processed by sensory organs; generates info which enters sensory mem.
Before info vanishes from sensory mem. we select details to pau attention to and send info into working mem./other processing

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12
Q

Phonological loop

A

Contains auditory information; tend to repeat info over and over
component of working memory

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13
Q

Visuospatial sketchpad

A

Holds visual impressions
component of working memory

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14
Q

Episodic buffer

A

Contains more integrated info, spanning across the senses
component of working memory

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15
Q

Explicit memories

A

“declarative”
facts and experiences consciously known/recalled
acquire info through effortful processing
studying, rehearsing, etc.

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16
Q

Implicit memories

A

not fully aware so don’t “declare” or talk about
formed through automatic processing
without awareness of building memory

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17
Q

procedural memory
(automatic processing)

A

how to ride a bike
well-practiced knowledge such as word meanings

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18
Q

Conditioned associations
(automatic processing)

A

smell that triggers thoughts of favorite place

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19
Q

Info abt space, time, frequency
(automatic processing)

A

picture where things are, retrace sequence of events, “i just noticed this is the 3rd time today”

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20
Q

Sensory memory

A

immediate, very brief recording of sensory info

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21
Q

Echoic memory

A

auditory sensory memory
memory can occur after someone says “what did I just say?”
can retrieve about last 8 words

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22
Q

Information held in short term memory

A

can hold 7 +/- 2 information bits

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23
Q

Semantic processing

A

recall more/differently
hear word -> encode meaning

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24
Q

Working memory

A

uses rehearsal, focus, linking, etc.
has greater capacity than short term memory

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25
Effortful processing stratedgy
a way to encode info into memory and keep from decaying/make easier to retrieve studying
26
Primary effect
first few words in list
27
Recency effect
last few words in list (most recent)
28
Serial position effect
People tend to remember first and last things in list "muddy middle"
29
Storage occurs in the brain
by changing how neurons link to each other to make well-used networks easier to activate together
30
Explicit memory processing
facts, stories, meaning directed by the frontal lobe facilitated by the hippocampus, events and facts held there for a couple days before consolidating
31
Consolidating
moving to other parts of brain for long term storage much occurs during sleep
32
Implicit memory processing
include skills, procedures, conditioned associations Cerebellum forms and stores conditioned responses Basal Ganglia controls movement, forms and stores procedural memory and motor skills
33
Flashbulb memories
emotionally intense events that become "burned in" as a vivid-seeming memories strong emotions can strengthen memory formation
34
Long term memory
LTM the ability to store and retrieve information over a long period of time
35
Memory retrieval
Recall, recognition, relearning
36
retrieval cues
stores as web of associations
37
context-dependent memory
part of web of associations retrieve memories more easily when in the same context as when we first formed the memory
38
State-dependent memory
memories can be tied to emotional state when we formed the memory
39
mood-congruent memory
tendency to selectively recall details consistent with ones current mood
40
why forgetting can be good
could not prioritize important memories may have difficulty abstractly and making connections if brain devoted to compiling info
41
Retrograde amnesia
inability to retrieve memory of the past caused by head injury/emotional trauma can be caused by more severe brain damage; may include anterograde amnesia
42
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new long-term declarative/explicit memories
43
Storage decay
Material encoded into long term memory will decay if never used, recalled, and restored unused connections and networks wither decay tends to level off after rapid decay what hasn't decayed quickly tends to stay intact in the long term
44
Retrieval failure
"tip of the tongue" associations and links that help us find our way to the memory decay
45
Positive transfer
Old info makes it easier to learn new info algebra -> calculus
46
Proactive interference
past info interferes ( in a forward acting way) with learning new info had to change password but keep using the old one and forgetting the new one
47
Retroactive interference
new stimuli/learning interferes with old learning learning new password makes it difficult to remember the old one sleep can help protect memories from retroactive interference
48
Constructed memory
imagined, selected, changed, rebuilt
49
Memories altered
memories altered (actually reconstruct) every time we "recall" altered again when we reconsolidate memory later info alters earlier memory
50
the misinformation effect
incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event
51
Imagination inflation
picturing an event can make it seem real once we have an inaccurate memory we tend to add more imagined details visualizing and actually seeing activate similar parts of the brain
52
Implanted memories
false memories created by giving people false information about their lives
53
Source amnesia
forgetting where the story came from and attributing the source to your own experience
54
seven "sins" of memory
blocking absentmindedness transience bias leading question misattribution persistence
55
Blocking
Inability to retrieve fact you know you know, but the memory seems blocked
56
Absentmindedness
Lapses of attention or forgetting to do things
57
Transience
fading memories
58
Bias
distorting old memories to fit current beliefs or knowledge
59
Leading question
retrieved memories vulnerable to suggestion, like when incorporating misinformation presenting in a leading question
60
Misattribution
attributing remembered detail to the wrong source
61
Persistence
unpleasant memories linger and intrude into our thoughts
62
Sin of omission
failure to perform (remember)
63
Sin of commission
act done intentionally or unintentionally (altering memories)

Psy 101 (15 decks)

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