Chapter 9 Flashcards
(122 cards)
Descriptive Research Methods
1) **Quantitative - ** explore objective facts
2) Qualitative - explore subjective meanings
Quantitative Methods (4)
1) interviews
2) questionnaires
3) surveys
4) psychological tests
a) psychometric tests
b) projective tests
Quantitative Methods → 1) Interviews
gathering facts
Quantitative Methods → 2) Questionnaires
anonymously estimate characteristics of population based on sample
Quantitative Methods → 3) Surveys
defined by purpose not form
Quantitative Methods → 4) Psychological Tests
assess traits of individual
a) Psychometric - examine performance relative to norm (academic ability, personality)
b) Projective - infer characteristics based on reaction to stimuli
* problem - scoring
Qualitative Methods → 1) Qualitative Interview
subjective experience
Qualitative Methods → 2) Focus Groups
- Benefits
interview in groups
Benefits:
- interpersonal dynamics can be examined
- can interview multiple people at a time
Qualitative Methods → 3) Ethnographic Research
cross-cultural investigations
- examine sub-cultures in mainstream culture
Qualitative Methods → 4) Historical Research
examine past events based on historical records
Descriptive Research Methods → Advantages (7)
1) Ecological Validity - studies relationships among variables as they naturally occur
2) Economy - cheaper
3) Practical Reasons - more applicable, hard to use exp. method
4) Ethical Reasons
5) Qualitative
6) Correlations
7) Preliminary to Experimental Research
Qualitative Methods (4)
1) qualitative interview
2) focus group
3) ethnographic research
4) historical research
Quantitative Methods → 1) Interviews
gathering info about people by conversing with them in face-to-face dialogue
Quantitative Methods → 1) Interviews
General Requirements (7)
1) Establishment of Rapport
2) Statement of Purpose
3) Detached/Objective Attitude
4) Staying on Topic
5) Careful Wording of Questions
6) Knowing When to End
7) Accurate Record of Interviews
General Requirements of Interviews
1) Establishment of Rapport
comfortability, small talk
close/harmonious relationship in which people concerned understand each other’s feelings/ideasandcommunicate well.
General Requirements of Interviews
2) Statement of Purpose
main way interviews differ from conversation
articulating the particular goal/theme of interview
General Requirements of Interviews
3) Detached/Objective Attitude
midpoint between cold/harsh & personally/emotionally invested or involved
- attitude conveyed is one that is personable but not personally involved
General Requirements of Interviews
4) Staying on Topic
not to stray too much from main theme/topic
General Requirements of Interviews
5) Careful Wording of Questions
as clear & unambiguous as possible
(2) types of questions to avoid:
1) Ambiguous - can be interpreted in 2 or more ways (how are you liking your classes?)
2) Loaded - suggests what answer should be (when’s the last time you cheated on a test?)
General Requirements of Interviews
7) Accurate Record of Interviews
video or audio recording
- to record how something is said (tone of voice) & nonverbal gestures (anxious, looking around)
Quantitative
Types of Interviews (4)
1) Unstructured Interview
2) Structured Interview
3) Standardized Structured Interview
4) Mixed Question Interview
1) Unstructured Interview
interviews in which interviewer provides minimal direction to interviewee
2) Structured Interview
interviews with pre-specified:
1) set of topics
2) order of discussion
3) Standardized Structured Interview
interviews with pre-specified:
1) wording of questions
2) order of questions