Chapter 9 Flashcards

Question

Glycolysis

Answer 1

occurs in the cytoplasm - breaks down glucose into two molecules of pyruvate (produces some ATP) glucose => 2 pyruvate + 2 H2O + 2ATP + 2 NADH

Answer 2

occurs in the mitochondrial membrane - utilizes pyruvate and completes the breakdown of glucose 2 pyruvate => ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH2

Answer 3

occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane - drives the synthesis of ATP by the transfer of electrons from NADH in electron transport chain NADH + FADH2 => ATP

Answer 4

substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 5

an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from an organic substrate to ADP, forming ATP i.e. Pyruvate Kinase: transfers a phosphate (phosphorylates) ADP from phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) to make ATP and pyruvate

Answer 6

harvests energy by oxidizing glucose, a 6 carbon molecule to two, 3-carbon pyruvate molecules 2 major phases 1) energy investment (predatory) phase 2) energy payoff phase

Answer 7

input: glucose output: 2 pyruvate, 2 H2O, 2ATP, 2 NADH

Answer 8

- takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion | - completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules

Answer 9

acetyl-CoA which will link glycolysis to the citric acid cycle input: 2 pyruvate output: 2CO2, 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl-CoA

Answer 10

for each turn of the cycle input: 2 acetyl-CoA, 3 NAD, FAD+, ADP output: 2CO2, 3 NADH, FADH, ATP after 2 turns: output: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2ATP

Answer 11

produce 10 NADH at end of CAC 2 from glycolysis 2 from conversion of pyruvate 6 from CAC

Answer 12

account for the majority of energy extracted from food - donate e- to the electron transport chain, which powers ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 13

lose energy as they pass down the pathway until the electrons are passed to oxygen, forming water

Answer 14

a large protein complex imbedded in the mitochondrial wall and is the enzyme that synthesizes ATP "Jesus enzyme"

Answer 15

as electrons move through the electron transport chain, the protein complexes pump H+ from the mitochondrial matrix to the inter membrane space creating this gradient

Answer 16

stores energy and drives chemiosmosis through the ATP synthase in a process referred to as a proton-motive force

Answer 17

an energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy in the form of a H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work and the formation of ATP

Answer 18

During respiration, most energy flows in they sequence: glucose to NADH to electron transport chain to proton-motive force to ATP 1 molecule of glucose => 6 CO2, 4ATP are generated during glycolysis and the CAC EACH NADH from glycolysis and CAC may contribute enough energy to the proton-motive force to generate 3 ATP 1 molecule of glucose => 34 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and 4 ATP from substrate level phosphorylation => ~36-38ATP about 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making approximately 38 ATP

Answer 19

oxidative phosphorylation ceases however fermentation enables some cells to produce ATP without the use of O2

Answer 20

with or without O2, in aerobic or aerobic conditions and couples with fermentation to produce ATP

Answer 21

can generate ATP from glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation as long as there is a supply of NAD+ to accept electrons

Answer 22

pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, one of which releases CO2

Answer 23

pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form lactate as a waste product

Answer 24

glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to Pyruvate but cellular respiration produces more ATP

Answer 25

from many kinds of organic molecules into cellular respiration carbohydrates, fats, proteins can be used as energy

Answer 26

the body uses small molecules to bind other substances that may come directly from food or through glycolysis or the CAC

Answer 27

allosteric enzymes at key points in glycolysis and the CAC i.e. PFK is inhibited by high levels of ATP and activated by high levels of AMP

Chapter 9 Flashcards

(51 cards)