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Lifespan Development > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Normative Development

A

Average pattern of development

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2
Q

Individual Differences

A

Variations within individuals of the same age

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3
Q

Body Mass Index

A

Dividing weight (kilograms) by height (meters) squared

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4
Q

How much do kids grow in height and weight per year?

A

2-3 inches

5-7 lbs

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5
Q

What part of the body grows the fastest?

A

Lower half

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6
Q

What age do kids lose their teeth?

A

Front middle teeth: 6-7

Molars: 10-12

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7
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

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8
Q

Dendrite

A

Branched extension of a neuron that picks up signals from other neurons

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9
Q

Axon

A

An extension of the cell that carries signals away from the cell body toward other neurons

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10
Q

Synapse

A

The connection between one neuron’s axon and another neuron’s dendrite

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11
Q

Myelin

A

A white fatty substance that encases cell axons and provides insulation and improves transmission of signals

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12
Q

Competitive Elimination

A

Process that strengthens synapses that are used regularly and prunes unused synapses to eliminate clutter
-accelerates speed that kids can process information

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13
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Process of eliminating unused and unnecessary synapses

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14
Q

Lateralization

A

Localization of function in one of the hemispheres of the brain

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15
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connection between the two hemispheres of the brain

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16
Q

Gray Matter

A

Nerve cell bodies (neurons, axons, and dendrites)

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17
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Involved in recognizing future consequences, overriding unacceptable social responses, and remembering emotional experiences

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18
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Involved in decision making and planning

front of brain, behind forehead

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19
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Involved in speech, memory, and hearing

side of brain

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20
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Associated with movement, orientation, and recognition, and perception of stimuli

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21
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated nerve fibers in the brain

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22
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outer layer of brain responsible for sensation, voluntary muscle movement, thought, reasoning, and memory

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23
Q

ADHD

A

Condition when kids can’t get organized, can’t focus on a task, and can’t think before acting

  • Diagnosed btwn 7-9
  • 2x more common in boys
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24
Q

Cerebellum

A

Associated with balance and control of body movements

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25
Gross Motor Skills
Large movements of arms, legs, and feet, or the whole body
26
Fine Motor Skills
Small movements of hands and fingers
27
Leading cause of death of kids in the U.S.?
Car accidents | -Drowning is second
28
Asthma
Chronic respiratory condition that causes sudden attacks of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath
29
Allergy
Exaggerated immune response or reaction to substances that are generally not harmful
30
Type 1 Diabetes
Immune system destroys beta cells in the pancreas so that pancreas produces little or no insulin
31
Type 2 Diabetes
The body does not use insulin efficiently | -Due to overweight, genes, and inactivity
32
Concrete Operations
3rd stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development when mental activities become more logical with respect to actual objects
33
Classification
Ability to divide and sort objects into different sets and subsets and to consider their relationships -Harry Potter: boy, wizard, quidditch player, gryffindor house
34
Class Inclusion
``` Logical operation that recognizes that a class or group can be part of a larger group -7 dogs, 3 cats >are there more dogs or animals? --Class inclusion requires kids to recognize that dogs and cats are part of animal group ```
35
Seriation
Ability to arrange items in a sequenced order according to particular properties -Organize by height or color
36
Transitive Interference
A logical operation that builds on an understanding of seriation -George>Juan, Juan> Jason >George>Juan>Jason
37
Reversibility
Logical operation that requires an understanding that relations can be returned to their original state -kids now have conservation of mass and understand reversibility
38
Working Memory
Conscious short-term representations of what a person is actively thinking about at a given time
39
Long-term Memory
Information that is mentally encoded and stored, potentially with no time limits
40
Declarative Memory
Memory of facts, such as names of people and places, and phone numbers
41
Procedural Memory
A memory of complex motor skills, such as riding a bicycle or typing on a keyboard
42
Verbatim Memory
Detailed memories of specific events
43
Gist Memory
A generalized, rather than specific, memory of common occurrences
44
False Memory
A memory that is a distortion of an actual experience, or a confabulation of an imagined one
45
Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) Procedure
An experimental task that demonstrates the creation of false memories, recall words that they have not heard
46
Memory Strategy
Mental or behavioral activities that can improve recall of recognition of material
47
Multiple Intelligences
Gardner's theory that intelligence has at least eight distinct forms: Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic
48
Triarchic theory of successful intelligence
Sternberg's theory that intelligence is composed of three broad components: analytical abilities, creative abilities, and practical abilities
49
Root Words
Vocab that must be learned
50
Code Switching
Changing speech to reflect the audience and situation | -talking to professor vs gossiping to best friend
51
Decoding
Applying knowledge of letter-sound relationships to read written words
52
Comprehension
Understanding what is read or said
53
Phonics
Emphasizes decoding in which readers match the printed alphabet to spoken words
54
Whole language
Emphasizes comprehension and context, and inferring what words are from context
55
Dyslexia
Learning disability characterized by difficulties with word recognition and by poor spelling and decoding skills
56
Inclusion
Placement of children with special needs in regular classrooms
57
English Language Learner
Child that learns English as a new language
58
Alphabetic Principle
Knowing letters and knowing that letters link to sounds
59
Phonemic Awareness
Being able to analyze the sound structure of spoken words
60
Oral Reading Fluency
Ability to read aloud, smoothly, accurately, and at a good speed
61
Vocab Comprehension
Understanding word and text meaning
62
Reliability
How consistent is the test
63
Validity
Is the test measuring what it is supposed to measure
64
Giftedness
Extraordinary creativity or performance in music, sports, or art, as well as academic subjects
65
No Child Left Behind
Federal law that requires schools to meet specific goals measured by standardized achievement tests
66
High Stakes Tests
Test that results in serious sanctions if performance standards are nor met -loss of federal funds for a school

Lifespan Development (17 decks)

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