Chapter 9

Question 1

Visual symbol

Answer 1

Like words, visuals often carry connotative or symbolic meaning

Question 2

Visual literacy

Answer 2

Ability to create and interpret visuals successfully

Question 3

6 fundamental principles help distinguish ineffective and effective designs

Answer 3

Consistency 
Contrast 
Balance 
Emphasis 
Convention 
Simplicity

Question 4

Formal vs Informal balance

Answer 4

Informal balance- more dynamic and engaging

Formal- more calming and serious

Question 5

Visual parallelism

Answer 5

Helps audiences understand and compare a series of ideas

Question 6

Chartjunk

Answer 6

Elements that clutter documents and potentially confuse readers without adding any relevant information

Question 7

Guidelines to help avoid ethical lapses in your visuals

Answer 7

• Consider all possible interpretations- and misinterpretations
• provide context
• don’t hide or minimize negative information that runs counter to your argument
• don’t exaggerate information that supports your argument
• don’t oversimplify complex situations
• don’t imply cause-and-effect relationships without providing proof that they exist
• avoid emotional manipulation or other forms of coercion
• be careful with the way you aggregate data

Question 8

5 C’s of an effective visual

Answer 8

Clear 
Complete 
Concise 
Connected 
Compelling

Question 9

Table

Answer 9

Systematic arrangement of data in columns and rows. Information that would be either difficult or tedious to handle in the main text

Question 10

Line charts

Answer 10

Shows trends over time or the relationship between two or more variables

Question 11

Spreadsheet forecasting

Answer 11

Predict future values based on past values shown in a line chart

Question 12

Surface chart/area chart

Answer 12

Line chart with a cumulative effect. All lines add up to the top line or the total

Question 13

Bar chart helpful when

Answer 13

Compare the sizes of several items at one time
Shows changes in one item over time
Indicate the composition of several items over time
Show the relative sizes of components of a whole

Question 14

Pictogram

Answer 14

Chart that portrays data as symbols instead of words or numbers

Question 15

Time line chart

Answer 15

How much time is needed to complete a given task in a project

Question 16

Gantt chart

Answer 16

Tracking progress towards completing a project

Question 17

Scatter diagram/XY diagram

Answer 17

Individual points are plotted not continuous lines

Question 18

Bubble diagram

Answer 18

Three Variables, with the size of bubble representing the third variable

Question 19

Pie chart

Answer 19

Showing how the parts of the whole are distributed. Not as effective as a bar chart or table

Question 20

Data visualization

Answer 20

Extracting broad meaning from giant masses of data or putting the data into context

Question 21

Big data

Answer 21

Mass collections of data from a variety of sources piling up at high speeds

Question 22

Flow chart

Answer 22

Sequence of events from start to finish

Question 23

Organization chart

Answer 23

Positions, units, or functions of an organization and they way they interrelate

Question 24

Geographic information systems

Answer 24

Maps of demographics and psychographics

Question 25

Infographics

Answer 25

Special class of diagrams that can convey both data and concepts or ideas

Question 26

Title

Answer 26

Identifies the content and purpose of the visual, along with whatever label and number you’re using to refer to the visual

Question 27

Descriptive title

Answer 27

Identified the topic of the illustration

Question 28

Informative title

Answer 28

Calls attention to the conclusion that ought to be drawn from the data

Question 29

Caption

Answer 29

Offers additional discussion of the visuals content and can be up to several sentences long

Question 30

Legend

Answer 30

Helps readers explaining what various colors, symbols, or other design choices mean

Question 31

When analyzing a visual element, ask yourself

Answer 31

Is the visual accurate Is the visual properly documented Is the visual honest

Question 32

Process of creating videos is divided into what categories

Answer 32

Preproduction Production Postproduction

Question 33

Preproduction

Answer 33

``` Purpose and scope Scene composition Camera placement Lighting Sound Shot list B-roll material ```

Question 34

Production

Answer 34

Frame each shot carefully Keep camera still Take B roll footage Don’t use the special effects in your camera

Question 35

Postproduction

Answer 35

1 put video on computer and enter into editing software 2 evaluate material, identify shots kept vs those to delete 3 move video sections around as needed to put story in order 4 use B roll images and clips 5 add transitions between video segments 6 synchronize audio track with video and narration 7 add an intro 8 add text titles 9 create a distributable file. Variety of output options