Flashcards in Chapter 9 Deck (59)
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1
Endocrine disorders
Hyperpituitarism
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
Addison disease
2
What does the endocrine system consist of?
A group of integrated glands and cells that secrete hormones
3
Endocrine disorders can result from what?
Too much or too little hormone production
Gland dysfunction
A problem with hormone control and production
4
What is hyperpituitarism?
Excess hormone production by the anterior pituitary gland
5
What is hyperpituitarism caused by?
A benign tumor called a pituitary adenoma, that produces growth hormone
6
What results when hyperpituitarism occurs before the closure of long bones?
Gigantism
7
What results when hypersecretion occurs during adult life?
Acromegaly
8
Who does hyperpituitarism affect?
Men and women in their 40’s
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What are the clinics features and oral manifestations of hyperpituitarism?
Poor vision
Enlarged hands and feet
Increased rib size
Enlargement of maxilla and mandible
Enlargement of nasal bones
Voice deepening bc of enlarged sinus
May have thick lips and macroglossia
10
What disease is hyperthyroidism associated with?
Graves disease
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What is hyperthyroidism?
Excess production of thyroid hormone
12
An autoimmune disorder that most commonly causes hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
13
Who is hyperthyroidism more common in?
Women in their 30s and 40s
14
A significant clinical characteristic often seen in patients with Graves’ disease
Exopthalmos (protrusion of eyeballs)
15
Oral manifestations of hyperthyroidism
Premature exfoliation of deciduous teeth and premature eruption of permanent teeth
Osteoporosis may affect alveolar bone
Caries and perio develops more rapidly
Burning tongue
16
What is hypothyroidism?
A decreased output of thyroid hormone
17
Infancy and childhood hypothyroidism
Cretinism
18
Hypothyroidism I’m older children and adults
Myxedema
19
Hypothyroidism oral manifestations in infants
Thickened lips
Enlarged tongue
Delayed eruption of teeth
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Oral manifestation of hypothyroidism in adults
Enlarged tongue
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Most commonly prescribed hormone replacement therapy for hypothyroidism
Levothyoxine
22
A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels
Diabetes mellitus
23
High blood glucose levels
Hyperglycemia
24
What does diabetes mellitus result from?
A lack of insulin, defective insulin that does not work to lower blood glucose levels, or increased insulin resistance caused by obesity
25
What system is the most severely affected by diabetes?
Vascular
26
Clinical features of NIDDM
Decreased resistance to infection
Skin infections: furuncles
UTI’s
Tuberculosis
Blindness
Can affect nervous system
Atherosclerosis
27
A thickening of the blood vessel wall from fibrofatty plaques, can easily to impaired circulation, causing impaired oxygenation and nutrition in tissue
Atherosclerosis
28
Uncontrolled diabetes =
Uncontrolled periodontal conditions
29
What is Addison disease?
Insufficient production of adrenal steroids
30
What are the causes of adrenal gland destruction?
Malignant tumor
TB
deep fungal infections
HIV
Autoimmune disease
Unknown
31
What are the clinical manifestations of Addison disease?
Stimulation of melanocytes
(Bronze skin and macular on oral mucosa)
32
Treatment of Addison disease
Steroid replacement therapy
33
Clinical features of Addison disease do not appear until how much of the adrenal gland has been destroyed?
90%
34
What is hypercortisolism known as?
Cushing syndrome
35
What is Cushing syndrome caused by?
Sustained increase in glucocorticosteroid levels
36
What is the most significant and obvious clinical feature of Cushing syndrome?
Weight gain
37
Do the signs for Cushing syndrome develop fast or slow?
Slow
38
What are blood disorders?
Disorders of red blood cells and hemoglobin
Disorders of white blood cells
Bleeding disorders
39
A reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood that is most often related to a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells
Anemia
40
Clinical signs of anemia
Pallor of skin and oral mucosa
Angular cheilitis
Erythema and atrophy of oral mucosa
Loss of filiform and fungiform papillae on dorsum of tongue
41
An insufficient amount of iron is supplied to bone marrow for RBC development
Iron deficiency anemia
42
Possible causes for iron deficiency anemia
Deficient iron intake
Blood loss from menstrual bleeding or chronic GI bleeding
Poor iron absorption
Pregnancy or infancy
43
Caused by a deficiency in intrinsic factor
Pernicious anemia
44
Which anemia is probably an autoimmune disorder?
Pernicious anemia
45
What vitamin is needed for DNA synthesis?
B12
46
What is folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency anemia associated with?
Malnutrition
Dietary deficiencies
Increased metabolic requirements
may be found with alcoholism or pregnancy
47
An inherited blood disorder predominantly in black individuals or those of Mediterranean or Asian origin. More common in women before age 30. RBCs in a sickle shape
Sickle cell anemia
48
What can oral cancer be treated with?
Surgery
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Or a combo
49
When does mucositis begin?
About the second week of radiation therapy and subsides a few weeks after its completion
50
Mucositis features
Painful
Erythematous and ulcerated mucosa
Pts may have difficulty eating, pain on swallowing, and loss of taste
51
Destruction of major salivary glands (may result in xerostomia)
Pts are prone to rampant caries and oral candidiasis and osteoradionecrosis
Radiation therapy
52
Drugs for this cancer therapy affect nasal cells of the epithelium
Mucositis and oral ulceration are common complications
A decrease in all blood cells may occur
Chemotherapy
53
Lowered RBC count can lead to
Anemia
54
Lowered WBC count can lead to
Infections
55
Lowered platelet counts can lead to
Bleeding problems
56
Suppresses the immune system and can lead to candidiasis and oral infections
Prednisone
57
Which drugs can cause gingival enlargement?
Phenytoin (Dilantin)
Nifedipine (Procardia)
Cyclosporine
58
What is a complication associated with bisphosphonate therapy?
Osteonecrosis
59
