Chapter 9

Question 1

Endocrine disorders

Answer 1

Hyperpituitarism
Hyperthyroidism 
Hypothyroidism 
Hyperparathyroidism
Diabetes mellitus 
Addison disease

Question 2

What does the endocrine system consist of?

Answer 2

A group of integrated glands and cells that secrete hormones

Question 3

Endocrine disorders can result from what?

Answer 3

Too much or too little hormone production
Gland dysfunction
A problem with hormone control and production

Question 4

What is hyperpituitarism?

Answer 4

Excess hormone production by the anterior pituitary gland

Question 5

What is hyperpituitarism caused by?

Answer 5

A benign tumor called a pituitary adenoma, that produces growth hormone

Question 6

What results when hyperpituitarism occurs before the closure of long bones?

Answer 6

Gigantism

Question 7

What results when hypersecretion occurs during adult life?

Answer 7

Acromegaly

Question 8

Who does hyperpituitarism affect?

Answer 8

Men and women in their 40’s

Question 9

What are the clinics features and oral manifestations of hyperpituitarism?

Answer 9

Poor vision
Enlarged hands and feet
Increased rib size
Enlargement of maxilla and mandible 
Enlargement of nasal bones 
Voice deepening bc of enlarged sinus 
May have thick lips and macroglossia

Question 10

What disease is hyperthyroidism associated with?

Answer 10

Graves disease

Question 11

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 11

Excess production of thyroid hormone

Question 12

An autoimmune disorder that most commonly causes hyperthyroidism

Answer 12

Graves disease

Question 13

Who is hyperthyroidism more common in?

Answer 13

Women in their 30s and 40s

Question 14

A significant clinical characteristic often seen in patients with Graves’ disease

Answer 14

Exopthalmos (protrusion of eyeballs)

Question 15

Oral manifestations of hyperthyroidism

Answer 15

Premature exfoliation of deciduous teeth and premature eruption of permanent teeth
Osteoporosis may affect alveolar bone
Caries and perio develops more rapidly
Burning tongue

Question 16

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 16

A decreased output of thyroid hormone

Question 17

Infancy and childhood hypothyroidism

Answer 17

Cretinism

Question 18

Hypothyroidism I’m older children and adults

Answer 18

Myxedema

Question 19

Hypothyroidism oral manifestations in infants

Answer 19

Thickened lips
Enlarged tongue
Delayed eruption of teeth

Question 20

Oral manifestation of hypothyroidism in adults

Answer 20

Enlarged tongue

Question 21

Most commonly prescribed hormone replacement therapy for hypothyroidism

Answer 21

Levothyoxine

Question 22

A chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels

Answer 22

Diabetes mellitus

Question 23

High blood glucose levels

Answer 23

Hyperglycemia

Question 24

What does diabetes mellitus result from?

Answer 24

A lack of insulin, defective insulin that does not work to lower blood glucose levels, or increased insulin resistance caused by obesity

Question 25

What system is the most severely affected by diabetes?

Answer 25

Vascular

Question 26

Clinical features of NIDDM

Answer 26

``` Decreased resistance to infection Skin infections: furuncles UTI’s Tuberculosis Blindness Can affect nervous system Atherosclerosis ```

Question 27

A thickening of the blood vessel wall from fibrofatty plaques, can easily to impaired circulation, causing impaired oxygenation and nutrition in tissue

Answer 27

Atherosclerosis

Question 28

Uncontrolled diabetes =

Answer 28

Uncontrolled periodontal conditions

Question 29

What is Addison disease?

Answer 29

Insufficient production of adrenal steroids

Question 30

What are the causes of adrenal gland destruction?

Answer 30

``` Malignant tumor TB deep fungal infections HIV Autoimmune disease Unknown ```

Question 31

What are the clinical manifestations of Addison disease?

Answer 31

Stimulation of melanocytes | Bronze skin and macular on oral mucosa

Question 32

Treatment of Addison disease

Answer 32

Steroid replacement therapy

Question 33

Clinical features of Addison disease do not appear until how much of the adrenal gland has been destroyed?

Answer 33

90%

Question 34

What is hypercortisolism known as?

Answer 34

Cushing syndrome

Question 35

What is Cushing syndrome caused by?

Answer 35

Sustained increase in glucocorticosteroid levels

Question 36

What is the most significant and obvious clinical feature of Cushing syndrome?

Answer 36

Weight gain

Question 37

Do the signs for Cushing syndrome develop fast or slow?

Answer 37

Slow

Question 38

What are blood disorders?

Answer 38

Disorders of red blood cells and hemoglobin Disorders of white blood cells Bleeding disorders

Question 39

A reduction in the oxygen carrying capacity of blood that is most often related to a decrease in the number of circulating red blood cells

Answer 39

Anemia

Question 40

Clinical signs of anemia

Answer 40

Pallor of skin and oral mucosa Angular cheilitis Erythema and atrophy of oral mucosa Loss of filiform and fungiform papillae on dorsum of tongue

Question 41

An insufficient amount of iron is supplied to bone marrow for RBC development

Answer 41

Iron deficiency anemia

Question 42

Possible causes for iron deficiency anemia

Answer 42

Deficient iron intake Blood loss from menstrual bleeding or chronic GI bleeding Poor iron absorption Pregnancy or infancy

Question 43

Caused by a deficiency in intrinsic factor

Answer 43

Pernicious anemia

Question 44

Which anemia is probably an autoimmune disorder?

Answer 44

Pernicious anemia

Question 45

What vitamin is needed for DNA synthesis?

Answer 45

B12

Question 46

What is folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency anemia associated with?

Answer 46

Malnutrition Dietary deficiencies Increased metabolic requirements may be found with alcoholism or pregnancy

Question 47

An inherited blood disorder predominantly in black individuals or those of Mediterranean or Asian origin. More common in women before age 30. RBCs in a sickle shape

Answer 47

Sickle cell anemia

Question 48

What can oral cancer be treated with?

Answer 48

Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Or a combo

Question 49

When does mucositis begin?

Answer 49

About the second week of radiation therapy and subsides a few weeks after its completion

Question 50

Mucositis features

Answer 50

Painful Erythematous and ulcerated mucosa Pts may have difficulty eating, pain on swallowing, and loss of taste

Question 51

Destruction of major salivary glands (may result in xerostomia) Pts are prone to rampant caries and oral candidiasis and osteoradionecrosis

Answer 51

Radiation therapy

Question 52

Drugs for this cancer therapy affect nasal cells of the epithelium Mucositis and oral ulceration are common complications A decrease in all blood cells may occur

Answer 52

Chemotherapy

Question 53

Lowered RBC count can lead to

Answer 53

Anemia

Question 54

Lowered WBC count can lead to

Answer 54

Infections

Question 55

Lowered platelet counts can lead to

Answer 55

Bleeding problems

Question 56

Suppresses the immune system and can lead to candidiasis and oral infections

Answer 56

Prednisone

Question 57

Which drugs can cause gingival enlargement?

Answer 57

Phenytoin (Dilantin) Nifedipine (Procardia) Cyclosporine

Question 58

What is a complication associated with bisphosphonate therapy?

Answer 58

Osteonecrosis

Question 59

Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw may be considered if

Answer 59

Current or previous treatment with antiresorptive or antiangiogenic agent Exposed bone or bone that can be proved through a fistula in maxillofacial region that has persisted at least 8 weeks No history of radiation therapy to jaws