Neoplasia
New growth
Cells exhibit uncontrolled proliferation
Neoplasm
A new growth of tissue in which growth is uncontrolled and progressive
Tumor
Means swelling, but is often used as a synonym for neoplasm
Agents that have been shown to cause neoplastic transformation of cells
Chemicals: Hundreds of different ones
Viruses: Oncogenic viruses
Radiation: sunlight, x-rays, nuclear fission
Benign tumor or neoplasia
Remains localized
May be encapsulated with fibrous connective tissue
It can invade adjacent tissues, but does not have the ability to spread to distant sites
Malignant tumor (cancer)
Invades and destroys surrounding tissue
Has the ability to spread throughout the body
Benign tumors almost always resemble
normal tissue
Pleomorphic
The cells of malignant tumors often vary in size
Hyperchromatic
The nuclei of these cells are darker than those of normal cells and exhibit an increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
This suffix is used to indicate a tumor
oma
Lipoma
Benign tumor of fat
Osteoma
benign tumor of bone
4 types of tissue in the human body
Epithelium/epithelial tissue
muscle tissue
connective tissue
nervous tissue
Carcinoma
Malignant tumor of epithelium/epithelial tissue
Sarcoma
Malignant tumor of connective or non-epithelial tissue
Osteosarcoma
Malignant tumor of bone
Squamous cell carcinoma or epidermoid carcinoma
malignant tumor of squamous epithelium
Treatment of benign tumors
Treated by surgical excision, eithet wide local excision or enucleation
Treatment of malignant tumors
Treated by surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy, often a combination
Three different types of epithelial tumors found in the oral cavity
From squamous epithelium
From salivary gland epithelium
From odontogenic epithelium
Tumors of squamous epithelium
papilloma premalignant lesions squamous cell carcinoma vemucous carcinoma basal cell carcinoma - very common
Papilloma
Benign tumor of squamous epithelium
A small exophytic pedunculate or sessile growth
May be white or the color of normal mucosa
Most often on the soft palate or tongue
Premalignant lesions
Leukoplakia
Erythoplakia
Epithelial dysplasia
Leukoplakia
White plaque
Biopsy is necessary to establish a definitive diagnosis
Erythoplakia
Oral mucosal lesion appearing as a smooth red patch or a granular red and velvety patch
Located on floor of the mouth, tongue, and soft palate
Less common
Speckled leukoplakia
A lesion that shows a mix of red and white areas
Oral submucous fibrosis
Chronic oral mucosal disease that is associated with betel-quid chewing
Increased deposition of collagen in the oral mucosa results in severe restriction of movement of the oral mucosa tissue
Epithelial dysplasia
Histologic diagnosis of a premalignant condition
Precede squamous cell carcinoma
What does epithelial dysplasia look like and location
Erythematous lesion, a white lesion, or a mixed (red and white) lesion
Often on the floor of the mouth or tongue
Squamous cell carcinoma
A malignant tumor of squamous epithelium
Usually metastasizes to lymph nodes in the neck and then to distant sites such as the lungs and liver
The most common malignancy of the oral cavity
Squamous cell carcinoma
Where does squamous cell carcinoma occur
Most often on the floor of the mouth, ventolateral tongue, soft palate, tonsillar pillar, and retromolar areas
May occur on the vermillion border of the lips and skin of the face
Solar chelitis
A condition in which mild to severe epithelial dysplasia occurs
Avoid sun exposure
Use sun blocking agent
Risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma
Tobacco
Alcohol consumption
Damage from UV rays
HPV
Radiation and chemotherapy patients may have what
xerostomia
Tnm staging
may be used to determine the prognosis
The higher the stage, the worse the prognosis
Basal cell carcinoma
A malignant skin tumor associated with excessive sun exposure
Nonhealing ulcer with characteristic rolled borders
Frequently arises on the skin of the face
Treatment of basal cell carcinoma
Surgical excision
Radiation therapy may be used to treat large lesions
Rarely mestasizes