Chapter 9 Flashcards
(20 cards)
What is Leadership?
&types of leadership
Leadership occurs when particular individual exert influence upon goal achievement of others in org context
3 types
Strategic Leadership
Formal Leadership
Shared(informal) Leadership
Strategic Leadership
The ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically and work with others to initiate changes that will create a viable future for org
Strategic leaders are open and honest in interactions with org stakeholders and they focus on future
Formal Leadership
Individuals with titles such as manager, executive, President, supervisor etc…
Occupy formal or assigned leadership roles
they are ecpected to influence others, and are given specific authority to direct employees
Leadership involves going beyond formal role requirements to influence others
Shared Leadership
Indv might also emerge to occupy informal leadership roles
Do not have formal authority
Rely on being well-liked or perceived as highly skilled to exert influence
Traits Theory
Traits are personal characteristics ( physical, social background, intellectual ability, personality, task orientation, and social skills)
Trait theory suggests that those who become leaders and perform well possess a special set of traits
The pitfall with the trait approach to leadership is its failure to take account the situation in which leadership occurs- difficult to determine if traits make the leader or the opportunity for leadership produces the traits
Traits theory: Traits associated with leadership effectiveness include:
& leadership categorization theory
Traits theory: Traits associated with leadership effectiveness include:
- Intelligence
- Energy and drive
- Self-confidence
- Dominance
- Motivation to lead
- Emotional stability
- Honesty and integrity
- sociability
Leadership categorization theory: people are more likely to view somebody as a leader and to evaluate them as a more effective leader when they possess prototypical characteristics of leadership
Drucker: requirements of Leadership
Drucker: requirements of Leadership
Establishing the org’s goals and mission
Seeing leadership as a responsibility rather than rank or privilege and create vision and energy among followers
Earning trust by demonstrating that one’s beliefs in harmony with one’s actions
Management vs Leadership
Management vs Leadership
Managers promote stability while leaders press for change
Leaders develop Future State Vision and are inspirational
Managers implement the vision and execute strategy
Managers coordinate staff and handle day-to-day problems
What are the crucial behaviors leaders engage in, and how do these behaviors influence employee performance and satisfaction?
Which particular leadership style is most effective?
The most involved systematic study of leaders took place at Ohio state university 1940s- Employee described their superiors along with a number of behavioral dimensions
Result revealed two basic kinds of behavior:
Consideration is the extent to which leader is approachable
Initiating Structure: Degree to which the leader concentrates on group goal attainment
Two other types of leadership behaviour:
- b
Both of these are…
Two other types of leadership behaviour:
-
Leader reward Behaviour: provides employees with complements, tangible benefits and deserved special treatment
- believed that employees should perform at a high level and experience job satisfaction when rewards are made contingent to performance
- Leader Punishment behavior: involves the use of reprimands or unfavorable task assignment and active withholding of raises, promotions and other rewards
Both of these positively related to employees perception, attitudes and behaviour
House Path-goal Theory
study of …
- House path-goal theory: …
- fill out image
House Path-goal Theory
study of situations (environment factors and employee chara) under which various leaders behaviors are most effective which leads to positive employee outcome
- House path-goal theory: Most important activity of leaders is clarifying paths to various goals of interest to subordinates
- fill out image
Participative Leadership:
Participation …
Participation has the following drawbacks:
- 3.
Participative Leadership involving employees in work-related decisions
Participation can be useful leadership technique:
- Increase motivation with subordinates
- Leads to higher quality decisions than the leader can make alone
- increases the subordinates’ acceptance of decisions, especially in issues of fairness
Participation has the following drawbacks:
- Time-consuming and energy required
- loss of leader power and influence
- failure due to lack of receptivity or knowledge
Vroom and Jago’s situational model of participation:
- t.
- M
- ex
- t
- L
- L
look at image in slides(10)
Vroom and Jago’s situational model of participation:
- attempts to specify when participation should be used and to what extent.
- Model takes into account various degrees of participation that can be exhibited by the leader including autocratic, consultative and group consensus
- the most effective strategy depends on the situation or problem at hand
- Leaders goals should be to make high-quality decisions to which employees will be adequately committed without undue delay
- Leader must consider a number of questions ina decision tree that take into account the quality requirement, the need for employee commitment, problem structure ect
look at image in slides(10)
Leader-member exchange theory
- Focuses on …
- High LMX
- Low LMX
Higher quality LMX relationships result in …
Leader-member exchange theory
- Focuses on the quality of the relationship that develops between a leader and employee
- High LMX involves a high degree of mutual influence and obligation as well as trust, loyalty, and respects btw leader and employee
- Low LMX characterized by low trust, respect, obligation, and mutual support
Higher quality LMX relationships result in positive outcomes for leaders employees, work units and orgs
Transactional Leadership
- Management by exception:
Transactional Leadership
- Leadership that is based on a straightforward exchange relationship btw leader and followers
- Leadership style concerned with maintaining normal flow of operations
- Transactional leaders use disciplinary power and an array of incentives to motivate employees to perform at their best
- Management by exception- leader monitors follower behavior, anticipates a problem, and takes corrective actions before the behavior creates serious problems
Transformational leaders: …
Qualities of transformational leaders:
Transformational leaders: change the beliefs and attitudes of followers acquiring a commitment to a new vision
Qualities of transformational leaders:
- Intelectual stimulation of followers(new vision)
- Individualized consideration for followers
- Inspirational motivation
- charisma
Charisma:..
Charismatic Leaders have:
Charisma: ability to command strong loyalty and devotion form followers and thus have the potential for strong influence among them
Charismatic Leaders have:
- Self-confidence and dominance
- strong conviction in own beliefs
- high expectations for performance of followers
- ideological or moral goals
- are able to articulate followers repressed feelings
The Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness research project :
- Globe research project is …
- identified 9 …: look at image
- Globe wanted to determine if …?
- …,something known as implicit leadership theory
- Implicit Leadership Theory: states that …
- Culturally endorsed implicit leadership theory: refers to …
The Global Leadership and Organizational Behaviour Effectiveness research project :
- Globe research project is the most extensive and ambitions study on global leadership
- identified 9 cultural dimensions: look at image
- Globe wanted to determine if the same attributes that lead to successful leadership in one country lead to success in other countries?
- citizens in each nation have implicit assumptions regarding requisite leadership qualities, something known as implicit leadership theory
- Implicit Leadership Theory: states that indv hold set of beliefs about kinds of attributes, personality characteristics, skills and behaviors that contribute to or impede outstanding leadership
- Culturally endorsed implicit leadership theory: refers to beliefs systems that are shared among indv in common cultures
What style of leadership is best?
- An effective leader needs to …
- Key situational variables include …
- Leadership will be…
What style of leadership is best?
- An effective leader needs ot be capable of using different styles of leadership
- Key situational variables include nature of task, employee characteristics , characteristics of org and national culture
- Leadership will be effective when style is matched to situation
Leadership styles, situational factors and effectiveness
Leadership styles, situational factors and effectiveness
