Chapter 9: Digestive System Flashcards

Question

-stomy

Answer 1

mouthlike opening

Answer 2

other name for digestive system includes all structures of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the anus, and the accessory organs. Two key functions: digestion and excretion

Answer 3

first or most proximal part of the digestive system, the mouth

Answer 4

taking a bite of food

Answer 5

chewing and tongue and teeth aiding in the process of breaking food down into smaller and smaller parts

Answer 6

moistens food secreted from three different salivary glands contains ptyalin, a chemical that starts to break down starches

Answer 7

helps form chewed food into bolus allows us to taste food, specific areas identify sweet, salty, sour, and bitter flavors

Answer 8

a rounded mass ready to be swallowed

Answer 9

small, finger shaped portion of soft tissue that hangs from the upper back of the mouth. Prevents food from entering the nasal avity while we eat.

Answer 10

tissue that is shaped something like a funnel at the back of the mouth

Answer 11

long, tube-like structure that passes through the diaphragm and connects to the stomach

Answer 12

small flap of cartilage covered with epithelial tissue, covers the trachea when we swallow to prevent food from entering the respiratory tract

Answer 13

muscular contractions that move the food bolus downward into the stomach

Answer 14

also called cardiac sphincter because of its location near the heart LES acts as a doorway between the esophagus and the stomach and prevents the backflow of gastric secretions

Answer 15

membrane that lines the abdominal cavity that contains the stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus

Answer 16

folds that line the inside of the stomach that allow the stomach to expand when we eat a large amount of food

Answer 17

upper portion of the stomach mostly area for holding food

Answer 18

middle portion of the stomach mostly area for holding food

Answer 19

lower portion of the stomach most of the activity of the stomach occurs in the pylorus

Answer 20

very acidic, average pH of 1.7 act on food to continue breaking it down and preparing it for absorption within the intestines

Answer 21

a more-liquid material made up of chewed food, saliva, and digestive juices

Answer 22

lies between the pylorus and the small intestine. acts as the stomach's exit way and releases chyme into the small intestine a little at a time

Answer 23

relatively narrow tube-like structure around 20 feet in the average adult three parts duodenum (upper portion) jejunum (middle portion) ileum (end portion)

Answer 24

upper portion of the small intestine

Answer 25

middle portion of the small intestine

Answer 26

end portion of the small intestine

Answer 27

tiny, fingerlike structures surrounded by capillaries and lymphatic vessels line the small intestine and increase the surface area, allowing greater absorption of water and nutrients into the blood

Answer 28

products of digestion pass from the small intestine to the large intestine through this valve

Answer 29

first part of the large intestine

Answer 30

small tube-like structure that hangs from the cecum in the right lower quadrant (RLQ) of the abdomen may serve as a storage facility for normal bacteria, which may serve to repopulate the GI tract if normal bacteria are eliminated occasionally becomes clogged with intestinal matter and then becomes inflamed and infected.

Answer 31

progresses upward from the cecum, takes a 90-degree turn where it nears the top of the abdomen, beneath the liver

Answer 32

where the colon passes horizontally across the uppermost part of the abdomen

Answer 33

takes a 90 degree turn, beneath the spleen, and heads down along the left side of the abdomen

Answer 34

takes a gentle turn inward, which descends into the rectum and then the anus

Answer 35

waste product

Answer 36

process of excreting feces

Answer 37

located in the upper right and center of the abdominal cavity is the largest glandular organ of the body functions include digestion, absorption, storage, and excretion

Answer 38

a sac, 3 to 4 inches long, on the inner surface of the liver. connected to the common bile duct, which also connects to the duodenum acts as a storage pouch for bile, which it secretes into the duodenum through the common bile duct when we eat fatty food to break down those fats for digestion and absorption

Answer 39

An organ that secretes substances that neutralize stomach acids and break down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates *** long, somewhat flat organ that lies just behind and beneath the stomach specialized cells called the islets of Langerhans two types include alpha and beta cells connected to the hepatic duct via the pancreatic duct at the duodenum secrets several substances into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct and directly into the bloodstream through capillaries of the islets of Langerhans. Sodium bicarbonate acts to neutralize stomach acid pancreatic enzymes trypsin: breaks down proteins lipase: breaks down fats amylase: breaks down carbohydrates cells of islets of Langerhans also secrete hormones insulin and glucagon, which work together to regulate blood glucose levels after we eat insulin is created by beta cells in response to rising blood glucose levels after we eat, binds to glucose molecules in the blood which then allows them to diffuse into the tissues and enter cells to provide energy Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells in response to dropping blood glucose levels stimulates the liver to release a storage form of glucose called glycogen. liver then convers the glycogen into glucose for energy

Answer 40

In type 1 diabetes, the body does not produce insulin. In type 2 diabetes, the body does not use insulin properly.

Answer 41

anus anal (Ā-năl) pertaining to the anus

Answer 42

appendix appendectomy (ăp-ĕn-DĔK-tŏ-mē) excision or surgical removal of the appendix

Answer 43

appendix appendicitis (ă-pĕn-dĭ-SĪ-tĭs) inflammation of the appendix

Answer 44

bile biliary (BĬL-ē-ār-ē) pertaining to bile

Answer 45

cheek buccogingival (bŭk-kō-JĬN-jĭ-văl) pertaining to the cheek and gums

Answer 46

cecum cecectomy (sē-SĔK-tō-mē) excision or surgical removal of the cecum

Answer 47

lip cheiloplasty (KĪ-lō-plas-tē) surgical repair of the lip

Answer 48

lip labiodental (lā-bē-ō-DĔN-tăl) pertaining to the lips and teeth

Answer 49

bile, gall cholecystitis (kō-lē-sis-TĪ-tus) inflammation of the gallbladder

Answer 50

bile duct cholangiography (kō-lan-jē-ŎG-ră-fē) process of recording a bile duct

Answer 51

gallbladder cholecystectomy (kō-lē-sĭs-TĔK-tŏ-mē) excision or surgical removal of the gallbladder

Answer 52

common bile duct choledocholith (kō-LĔD-ŏ-kō-lĭth) stone of the common bile duct

Answer 53

colon colectomy (kō-LĔK-tŏ-mē) excision or surgical removal of the colon

Answer 54

colon colonoscopy (kō-lŏn-ŎS-kō-pē) visual examination of the colon

Answer 55

teeth dental (DĔN-tăl) pertaining to the teeth

Answer 56

teeth odontodynia (ō-dŏn-tŏ-DĬN-ē-ă) pain of the teeth

Answer 57

duodenum duodenoscopy (dū-ŏd-ĕ-NŎS-kō-pē) visual examination of the duodenum

Answer 58

small intestine enteritis (ĕn-tĕr-Ī-tĭs) inflammation of the small intestine

Answer 59

esophagus esophagostenosis (ē-sŏf-ă-gō-stĕn-Ō-sĭs) narrowing or stricture of the esophagus

Answer 60

stomach gastralgia (găs-TRĂL-jē-ă) pain of the stomach

Answer 61

gums gingivoglossitis (jĭn-jĭ-vō-glŏs-SĪ-tĭs) inflammation of the gums and tongue

Answer 62

tongue glossokinesthetic (glŏs-ō-kĭn-es-THĔT-ĭk) pertaining to tongue movement

Answer 63

tongue sublingual (sŭb-LĬNG-gwăl) pertaining to beneath the tongue

Answer 64

liver hepatitis (hĕp-ă-TĪ-tĭs) inflammation of the liver

Answer 65

ileum ileotomy (ĭl-ē-ŎT-ō-mē) cutting into or incision of the ileum

Answer 66

jejunum jejunostomy (jē-jū-NŎS-tō-mē) mouthlike opening into the jejunum

Answer 67

abdomen, abdominal wall laparoscope (LĂP-ă-rō-skōp) instrument used to view inside the abdominal cavity

Answer 68

mouth oral (ŌR-ăl) pertaining to the mouth

Answer 69

pancreas pancreatitis (păn-krē-ă-TĪ-tĭs) inflammation of the pancreas

Answer 70

digestion peptic (PĔP-tĭk) pertaining to digestion

Answer 71

eating, swallowing phagocyte (FĂG-ō-sīt) eating cell (specialized type of WBC)

Answer 72

pharynx pharyngeal (făr-ĬN-jē-ăl) pertaining to the pharynx

Answer 73

rectum, anus proctoscopy (prŏk-TŎS-kō-pē) visual examination of the rectum and/or anus

Answer 74

pylorus pylorostenosis (pĭ-lōr-ō-stĕn-Ō-sĭs) narrowing or stricture of the pylorus

Answer 75

rectum rectal (RĔK-tăl) pertaining to the rectum

Answer 76

saliva, salivary gland sialolithiasis (sī-ă-lō-lĭ-THĪ-ă-sĭs) pathological condition of a salivary-gland stone

Answer 77

sigmoid colon sigmoidoscope (sĭg-MOY-dō-skōp) viewing instrument for the sigmoid colon

Answer 78

fat steatorrhea (stē-ă-to-RĒ-ă) flow or discharge of fat (fatty stool)

Answer 79

mouth, mouthlike opening stomatitis (stō-mă-TĪ-tĭs) inflammation of the mouth

Answer 80

bowel movement

Answer 81

bathroom privileges

Answer 82

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Answer 83

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Answer 84

gastroesophageal reflux disease

Answer 85

gastrointestinal

Answer 86

inflammatory bowel disease

Answer 87

irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 88

liver function test

Answer 89

nausea and vomiting

Answer 90

nasogastric

Answer 91

nothing by mouth

Answer 92

per rectum

Answer 93

peptic ulcer disease

Answer 94

small bowel obstruction

Answer 95

upper GI x-ray

Answer 96

dilation and expansion of the lower esophagus, due to pressure from food accumulation

Answer 97

physical and psychiatric disorder that involves a combination of an intense fear of weight gain, distorted body image, and self-imposed starvation

Answer 98

inflammation of the appendix

Answer 99

accumulation of serous fluid in the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity

Answer 100

partial or complete blockage of the small or large intestine; common causes include volvulus, intussusception, tumors, and adhesions (scar tissue)

Answer 101

physical and psychiatric disorder that involves a combination of obsessively eating huge quantities of food with purging behaviors

Answer 102

infection with Campylobacter organisms via contaminated food or water, resulting in intestinal illness

Answer 103

disorder in which the lining of the small intestine is damaged due to dietary factors, resulting in impaired nutrient absorption

Answer 104

inflammation of the gallbladder, usually secondary to the presence of gallstones

Answer 105

condition in which gallstones are present in the gallbladder, liver, or biliary ducts

Answer 106

chronic liver disease characterized by scarring and loss of normal structure

Answer 107

disorder involving inflammation and edema deep into the layers of the lining of any part of the GI tract; also called regional enteritis

Answer 108

inflammation of one or more diverticula (tiny pouches in the intestinal wall)

Answer 109

condition in which diverticula form in the intestinal wall due to increased pressure

Answer 110

dangerous strain of Escherichia coli that produces toxins that can severely damage the intestinal lining, resulting in bloody diarrhea

Answer 111

varicose veins of the distal end of the esophagus

Answer 112

inflammation of the esophageal lining

Answer 113

common term for several illnesses caused by eating food contaminated with bacterial or toxic organisms; sometimes called dysentery

Answer 114

inflammation of the stomach’s mucosal lining

Answer 115

inflammation of the stomach and intestines; often referred to as the stomach flu (although influenza is not the cause)

Answer 116

backflow of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus, causing esophagitis

Answer 117

internal or external varicose veins of the anal area

Answer 118

chronic inflammation of the liver, caused by one of several viruses (types A, B, C, D, or E)

Answer 119

protrusion of a structure through the wall that normally contains it

Answer 120

protrusion of a portion of the stomach through the diaphragm into the chest cavity; also called hiatus hernia

Answer 121

slipping or telescoping of a portion of the bowel into itself

Answer 122

chronic condition characterized by alternating episodes of constipation and diarrhea

Answer 123

condition marked by yellow staining of body tissues and fluids as a result of excessive levels of bilirubin in the blood

Answer 124

inadequate absorption of nutrients from the intestinal tract, especially the small intestine

Answer 125

nutritional deficiency due to inadequate intake or absorption of protein, vitamins, minerals, or other vital nutrients

Answer 126

vesicular eruption in or on the mouth caused by herpesvirus; also called herpes labialis or cold sore

Answer 127

infection of the skin or mucous membrane with any species of candida, but mainly Candida albicans; also called candidiasis

Answer 128

acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas

Answer 129

inflamed lesion in the gastric or duodenal lining

Answer 130

inflammation of the organs and structures within the peritoneal cavity

Answer 131

inflammatory condition of both small and large bowels that results in severe watery diarrhea; also commonly called C. diff. colitis

Answer 132

intestinal infection caused by various types of salmonella organisms

Answer 133

malabsorption and malnutrition disorder created by the loss of a significant portion of functioning bowel

Answer 134

blockage of normal passage of intestinal contents

Answer 135

chronic inflammatory disease of the lining of the colon and rectum marked by up to 20 liquid, bloody stools per day

Answer 136

twisting of the bowel upon itself, causing obstruction

Answer 137

Enema containing a substance that shows up clearly under x-ray and fluoroscopic examination

Answer 138

X-ray examination of the esophagus after the patient has swallowed a liquid that contains barium

Answer 139

Computerized collection and translation of multiple x-rays into a three-dimensional picture, creating a more-detailed and accurate image than traditional x-rays

Answer 140

Radiographic examination through a fiber-optic endoscope of vessels that connect the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas to the duodenum after injection of a radiopaque material

Answer 141

Test of fecal specimen for presence of hidden blood

Answer 142

Test of gastric contents for pH level and presence of blood

Answer 143

Test that detects the presence of antibodies to Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), the most common cause of gastric ulcers

Answer 144

Exploration of abdominal contents with a laparoscope

Answer 145

Tests, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), that determine the liver’s ability to perform its many complex functions

Answer 146

Visual examination of the GI tract from the rectum to cecum; variations include the colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, and proctoscopy

Answer 147

X-ray of the large intestine after rectal instillation of barium sulfate

Answer 148

Examination of a fecal specimen for abnormal bacteria and other microorganisms

Answer 149

Test in which ultrahigh-frequency sound waves are used to outline the shapes of various body structures

Answer 150

Visual examination of the GI tract, from the esophagus to duodenum

Answer 151

X-ray that involves the use of a contrast medium to help visualize abdominal organs, including the stomach and esophagus