Chapter 9 exam 4 Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
Produce skeletal movement Maintain body posture and position Support soft tissues Guard entrances and exits Maintain body temperature Provide nutrient reserves
A
functions of skeletal muscle
2
Q
Skeletal muscle fibers Connective tissues that harness contraction forces Blood vessels that nourish the muscle fibers Nerves that control contractions
A
skeletal muscles
3
Q
bundle of collagen fibers that merge; attach muscle to specific bone
A
tendons
4
Q
sheet of collagen fibers that merge; attach muscle to a broad area of bone(s)
A
aponeurosis
5
Q
collagen fibers that surround the entire muscle and separate it from other tissues and organs
A
Epimysium
6
Q
fibrous layer that divides the skeletal muscle into compartments
A
perimysium
7
Q
Delicate connective tissue that surrounds an individual muscle cell/fiber; interconnects adjacent muscle fibers
A
endomysium
8
Q
- Myoblasts (embryonic cells) fuse, forming multinucleate cells 2. These cells develop into skeletal muscle fibers 3. Unfused myoblasts can remain in the endomysium as myosatellite cells 4. Myosatellite cells aid in muscle repair by fusing with damaged muscle fibers
A
Muscle development
9
Q
Sacrolemma Sarcoplasm
A
Plasma membrane in muscle cells Cytoplasm in muscle cells
10
Q
bundles of proteins (myofilaments) that give skeletal muscles striations
A
Myobiril
11
Q
Thin filaments Attached to the Z line by Actinin
A
Actin
12
Q
Thick filaments 300 molecules arranged with their tails pointing toward the M line
A
Myosin
13
Q
part of sarcomere made of thick filaments; H band + M line
A
Sarcomeres A band
14
Q
part of the sarcomere made of thin filaments
A
I band
15
Q
joining area of 2 sarcomeres
A
Z lines
16
Q
muscle fiber contraction slides thin filaments across thick filaments
A
Sliding filament theory
17
Q
H and I bands get smaller Zones of overlap get larger Z lines move closer together A band width remains the same
A
Sliding filament theory as to why they matter
18
Q
Different distribution of (+) and (-) charges on either side of the sarcolemma
A
Transmembrane potention
19
Q
move changes from the sarcolemma into the muscle cell
A
Transverse Tubules (T tubules)
20
Q
specialized site where nervous system and muscle fiber meets
A
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
21
Q
The synaptic cleft and sarcolemma have…
A
AChE
22
Q
The synaptic terminal has vesicles containing….
A
ACh
23
Q
- Ca+ move into the myosin/actin zone 2. Ca+ bind to troponin, which changes the position of the troponin, allowing interaction with myosin 3. Myosin head binds to the G-actin site (= cross bridge formation) 4. Myosin head pivots toward M line as energy is released 5. ATP binds to myosin head, breaking the bond between myosin and actin 6. Reduction of ATP to ADP + P reactivates myosin head, preparing it to bind again
A
ATP in muscle contraction
24
Q
stimulation (action potential, release of Ca+)
A
Latent Phase of Muscle Tension
25
rising tension (Ca+ binding to troponin, cross-bridging occurs)
Contraction Phase of Muscle Tension
26
dropping tension (Ca+ levels fall, cross-bridges detach)
Relaxation Phase of Muscle Tension
27
subsequent contractions increase peak tension
4 amounts of tension Treppe
28
stimulus arrives before the relaxation phase ends
4 amounts of tension Wave Summation
29
rapid cycles of contraction and relaxation near peak tension
4 amounts of tension Incomplete Tetanus
30
higher stimulation frequency eliminates the relaxation phase
4 amounts of tension Complete Tetanus
31
relay activation during sustained contractions (fibers rest, recover, contract in a repeating pattern)
Asynchronous Motor Unit Summation
32
steady increase in muscular tension produced by increasing the # of active motor units
Recruitment
33
neuron + all the muscle fibers it controls
Motor Unit
34
tension rises and the muscle length changes (ex. walking, running, lifting)
2 Types of Muscle Contraction Isotonic Contraction
35
Muscle shortens during contraction
type of isotonic contraction Concentric
36
Muscle length does not change
type of isotonic contraction Eccentric
37
muscle length does not change (ex. reflexives that keep you upright)
Isometric Contraction
38
when a muscle is no longer able to perform at the level required pH lowers (which lowers Ca+ bonding and changes enzyme activity)
Muscle Fatigue
39
when muscle conditions return to pre-exertion levels high oxygen levels
Muscle Recovery
40
moving of lactate to the liver and of glucose back to the muscle cells
Cori Cycle
41
Most skeletal muscle Fibers have large diameters and densely packed myofibrils Large glycogen reserves, few mitochondria
3 types of muscle fibers Fast
42
more resistant to fatigue extensive capillary network
3 types of muscle fibers Intermediate
43
Fibers have thin diameters Specialized for extended contractions Extensive network of capillaries, contain myoglobin
3 types of muscle fibers Slow
44
Enlargement of muscle diameter (which means increase in muscle size) Increased through exhaustive training
Hypertrophy
45
Shrinkage of muscle diameter Due to little/no muscle activity
Atrophy
46
extension and lateral rotation at hip
gluteus maximus
47
abduction and medial rotation at hip
gluteus medius
48
flexion and medial rotation at hip tenses fascia lata, which laterally supports the knee
tensor fasciae latae
49
lateral rotation at hip
obturator OR Gemellus
50
lateral rotation and abduction at hip
piriformis
51
adduction, flexion, and medial rotation at hip
adductor brevis
52
adduction at hip superior part produces flexion and medial rotation inferior part produces extension and lateral rotation
adductor magnus
53
flexion, medial rotation, and adduction at hip
pectineus
54
flexion at knee adduction and medial rotation at hip
gracillis
55
flexion at hip
iliacus
56
flexion at hip or lumbar intervertebral joints
psoas major
57
flexion at knee extension and lateral rotation at hip
leg biceps femoris
58
flexion at knee extension and medial rotation at hip
leg semimembranosus
59
flexion at knee flexion and lateral rotation at hip
leg Sartorius
60
medial rotation of tibia or lateral roation of femur flexion at knee
leg popliteus
61
extension at knee flexion at knee
leg rectus femoris
62
extension at knee
leg vastus intermedius
63
flexion at ankle inversion of foot
foot/toes tibialis anterior
64
extension at ankle inversion of foot flexion at knee
foot/toes gastrocnemius
65
eversion of foot and extension at ankle
foot/toes fibularis brevis
66
eversion of foot and extension at ankle supports longitudinal arch
foot/toes fibularis longus
67
extension at ankle flexion at knee
foot/toes planaris
68
extension at ankle
foot/toes soleus
69
adduction and inversion of foot extension at ankle
foot/toes Tibialis posterior
70
flexion at joints of toes 2-5
foot/toes flexor digitorum longus
71
flexion at joints of great toe
foot/toes flexor halluces longus
72
extension at joints of toes 2-5
foot/toes extensor digitorum longus
73
extension at joints of great toe
foot/toes extensor halluces longus
74
flexion at metatarsophalangeal joint of great toes
intrinsic foot flexor halluces brevis
75
flexion at proximal interphalangeal joints of toe 2-5
intrinsic foot flexor digitorum brevis
76
flexion at joints of toes 2-5
intrinsic foot quadratus plantae
77
flexion at metatarsophalangeal joints extension at proximal interphalangeal joints of toes 2-5
intrinsic foot lumbrical (4)
78
flexion at metatarsophalangeal joint of toe 5
intrinsic foot flexor digiti minimi brevis
79
extension at metatarsophalangeal joints of toes 1-4
intrinsic foot extensor digitorum brevis
80
extension of great toe
intrinsic foot extensor halluces brevis
81
adduction at metatarsophalangeal joint of great toe
intrinsic foot abductor hallucis
82
adduction at metatarsophalangeal joints of toes 3-5
intrinsic foot plantar interosseous (3)
83
abduction at metatarsophalangeal joints of toes 3 and 4
intrinsic foot dorsal interosseous (4)
84
abduction at metatarsophalangeal joint of toe 5
intrinsic foot abductor digiti minimi
85
lifts scapula
pectoral girdle levator scapulae
86
depresses and protracts shoulder rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves inferiorly lifts ribs if scapula is stationary
pectoral girdle Pectoralis minor
87
adducts scapula and performs downward rotation
pectoral girdle Rhomboid major
88
protracts shoulder rotates scapula so glenoid cavity moves upward
pectoral girdle serratus anterior
89
depresses and protracts shoulder
pectoral girdle subclavius
90
depends on active region and state of other muscles may elevate, retract, dress, or rotate scapula upward OR extend clavicle OR extend neck
pectoral girl Trapezius
91
whole muscle abduction at shoulder anterior part: flexion and medial rotation posterior part: extension and lateral rotation
arm Deltoid
92
abduction at shoulder
arm Supraspinatus
93
medial rotation at shoulder
arm Subscapularis
94
extension, adduction and medial rotation at shoulder
arm Teres Major
95
lateral rotation at shoulder
arm Infraspinatus OR Teres Minor
96
adduction and flexion at shoulder
arm Coracobrachillas
97
flexion, adduction and medial rotation shoulder
arm pectorallas major
98
extension and adduction and medial rotation at shoulder
arm latissimus dorsi
99
flexion at elbow and shoulder supinatino
Forearm Biceps Brachii
100
flexion at elbow
forearm Brachialis
101
extension at elbow
forearm anconeus
102
extension at elbow plus extension and adduction at the shoulder
forearm triceps brachii
103
flexion and abduction at wrist
forearm flexor carpi radialis OR flexor carpi ulnaris
104
flexion at wrist
forearm palmaris longus
105
extension and abduction at wrist
forearm Extensor carpi radialis longus OR Extensor carpi ulnaris
106
abduction at joints of thumb and wrist
arm abductor pollicis longus
107
extension at finger joints and wrist
arm: extension extensor digitorum
108
extension at joints of thumb abduction at wrist
arm: extension extensor pollicis brevis
109
extension and adduction of joints of index finger
arm: extension Extensor indicis
110
extension at joints of little finger
arm: extension extensor digiti minimi
111
flexion at proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and wrist joints
arm: flexions flexor digitorum superficialis
112
flexion at distal interphalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints and wrist
arm: flexions flexor digitorum profundus
113
flexion at joints of thumb
arm: flexions flexor pollicis longus
114
moves skin on medial border toward midline of palm
hands palmaris brevis
115
adduction of thumb
hands adductor pollicis
116
adduction at metacarpophalangeal joints of fingers 2, 4, and 5 flexion at metacarpophalangeal joints extension at interphalangeal joints
hand Palmar inerosseus (3-4)
117
abduction of thumb
hand abductor pollicis brevis
118
abduction at metacarpophalngeal joints of fingers 2 and 4
hand dorsal interosseous (4)
119
abduction of little finger and flexion at its metacarpophalangeal joint
hand abductor digigi minmi
120
flexion and adduction of thumb
hand flexor pollicis brevis
121
flexion at metacarpophalangeal joints 2-5
lumbrical (4)
122
flexion at joints of little finger
flexor digiti minimi
123
2 sides extend neck togehet alone, each rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side
splenlus
124
extends neck
spinalis cervicis
125
extends vertebral column
spinalis thoracis
126
2 sides extend head alone, each flexes the neck
longissimus capitis OR Semispinalis capitis
127
extends vertebral column alone, produces lateral flexion to that side
longissimus thoracis
128
extends or laterally flexes neck, lifts ribs
iliocostalis cervics
129
stabilizes thoracic vertebrae in extension
iliocostalis thoracis
130
extends vertebral column, depresses ribs
iliocostalis lumborum
131
extends vertebral column and rotates toward opposite side
semispinalis cervicis
132
lifts ribs or flex neck
ab muscles scalenes
133
lift ribs
ab muscles external intercostals
134
depress ribs
ab muscles internal intercostals
135
compresses abdomen and ribs flexes/bends spine
ab muscles external oblique
136
compresses abdomen
ab muscles transversus abdominis
137
contraction expands thoracic and compresses abdominopelvic cavity
ab muscles diaphragm
138
compresses and stiffens penis or clit
ischiocavernosus
139
compresses clit and narrow vagina opening compresses base and ejects urine/semin
bulbosponglosus
140
scloses uretha compresses vagine/prostate
external urethral sphincter
