Exam 3 Flashcards
(157 cards)
1
Q
How many pairs of ribs do humans have?
A
12 pairs
2
Q
Reverse
80 bones include skull, thoracic cage (rib cage), vertebral column, supplemental cartilages
A
How many bones? What parts are included in the axial skeleton?
3
Q
Reverse
Protect and support openings to the digestive and respiratory tracts Provide muscle attachments that control facial expressions and food manipulation Except for the mandible (= joint or articulation), skull bones are connected by sutures = bones attached through dense fibrous connective tissue
A
What are the primary functions of the skull? How are skull bones connected?
4
Q
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Located in the middle ear cavity Petrous part of the temporal bone Move vibrations to the inner ear
A
What are the auditory ossicles? Where are they located? What do they do?
5
Q
Reverse
Anterior fontanelle formed by…?
A
What is the name for the ‘soft spot’ on infant skulls? What is it formed by?
6
Q
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Supports the head , neck, and trunk Protects the spinal cord Transfers body weight to the appendicular skeleton Helps maintain an upright body position 26 bones Cervical (neck -7), thoracic (chest-12), lumbar (lower back-5), sacrum, coccyx (tailbone)
A
What are the primary functions of the vertebral column? How many bones make up the vertebral column? What are the 5 main divisions of the vertebral column?
6
Q
Reverse
makes room for the thoracic organs
A
4 spinal curve: Primary Thoracic curve
7
Q
Reverse
makes room for the abdominopelvic organs
A
4 spinal curve: Primary sacral curve
7
Q
Reverse
balances the weight of the head on the neck
A
4 spinal curve: secondary cervical curve
8
Q
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balances the weight of the trunk over the lower limbs assist with standing
A
4 spinal curve: secondary lumbar curve
8
Q
Reverse
articulate with other vertebrae
A
Articuluar processes
9
Q
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form the back and sides of the vertebral foramen
A
vertebral arch
9
Q
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weight transfer
A
vertebral body
9
Q
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between vertebral bodies fibrous cartilage
A
Intervertebral discs are made of what? Where are they located?
9
Q
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area for spinal cord
A
vertebral canal
9
Q
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form base of the skull to the thorax
A
cervical vertebrae
10
Q
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attachment for the skull
A
Atlas (c1)
10
Q
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dens = assist rotation of the head
A
axis (c2)
10
Q
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allows ligament attachment to maintain the cervical curve
A
vertebra prominens
11
Q
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articulates with ribs
A
There are 12 thoracic vertebrae. Where do they articulate?
11
Q
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largest vertebrae holds the most weight
A
Lumbar vertebrae
11
Q
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Protects the reproductive, digestive, and urinary organs Attaches the axial skeleton to the appendicular skeleton (through the pelvic girdle)
A
Sacrum
12
Q
Reverse
12 pairs
A
How many pairs of ribs do humans have?
12
Q
Reverse
126 bones Includes Pectoral girdle, Upper limbs, Pelvic girdle, Lower limbs Function: Forms the appendages and attachment points of the body
A
How many bones make up the appendicular skeleton? What body areas are included? What are the functions of the appendicular skeleton?
12
# Reverse
Made of Clavicles (collarbones) and Scapulae (shoulder blades) Function: Connects the arms to the axial skeleton
What is the pectoral girdle made of? What does it do?
12
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arm (shoulder to elbow), forearm, wrist, hand
What are the 4 parts of the upper limb?
13
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long part of the bone
shaft
13
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articulates with glenoid process
head
14
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est. shoulder contour
greater/lesser tubercle
14
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end of the join capsule
anatomical neck
15
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metaphysis of growing bone
surgical neck
15
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attachment site for deltoid muscle
deltoid tuberosity
15
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holds part of ulnar head at elbow
coronoid fossa
15
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muscle attachment at elbow
medical epicondyle
15
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holds radial nerve (sensory info and motor control over large arm muscle)
Radial groove
15
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holds part of ulnar head at elbow
olecranon fossa
15
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muscle attachment at elbow
lateral/medial epicondyle
15
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articulation of forearm at elbow
capitulum
15
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middle portion of condyle
trochlea
15
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holds part of ulnar head at elbow
coronoid fossa
15
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holds part of ulnar head at elbow
olecranon fossa
15
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point of elbow
ulna: olecranon
15
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slender; wrist joint
ulna: ulnar head
15
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articulates with the troclea of the humerus at the elbow
ulna: trochlear notch
15
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articulates with the trochlea of the humerus at the elbow
ulna: coronoid process
15
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cartilage attachment at wrist joint
ulna: styloid process
15
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articulates with the capitulum of the humerus
radius: radial head
15
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attachment of biceps brachii muscle
radius: radial tuberosity
15
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stabilized the wrist joint
radius: styloid process
16
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fibrous sheet that connects the ulna and radial shafts
radius: interosseous membrane
16
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scaphoid, lunate, pisiform, triquetrum (closer to forearm) trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate (closer to fingers)
8 bones in wrist
16
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5 1-5 starting at the thumb (pollex)
how many metacarpals are there
16
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3 (proximal, middle, and distal)
how many phalange bones per finger
16
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Connects the axial and appendicular skeletons made of paired hip bones
pelvic girdle
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Females: Large pelvic outlet Broader pelvic angle Less curvature of sacrum/coccyx Wider, more circular pelvic inlet Broad pelvis Laterally spread ilia
pelvis differences
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thigh, kneecap, leg, ankle, foot
5 parts of a lower limb
16
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attachment of patellar ligament
Tibia: tibial tuberosity
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articulate with femur
tibia: lateral/medial condyles
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separates tibial condyles
tibia: intercondylar eminence
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process that provides ankle support
tibia: medial malleolus
17
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articulates with tibia
fibula: head
18
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provides lateral support to ankle
fibula: lateral malleolus
18
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stabilizes the tibia and fibula and provides muscle attachment sites
fibula: interosseous membrane
18
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big toe
hallux
18
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proximal, middle, distal
3 phalange bones per toe
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breaks a bone shaft on its long axis
facture type - transverse
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break from twisting stress
fracture type - spiral
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result in abnormal alignments and normal alignments
fracture repair - displaced/ nondisplaced
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vertebrae; break from extreme stress
facture type - compression
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one side of the shaft is broken and the other is bent
fracture type - green stick
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bone shatter into multiple pieces
fracture type - comminuted
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breaks at end of bones
epiphyseal
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ankle; affects both leg and bones
facture type - pott
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distal part of radius; usually from cushioning a fall
fracture type - colles
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closed simple factures - completely internal
open compound facture - pucture through skin
2 categories of bone repair
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when CA2+ levels are low
parathyroid hormone
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when CA2+ levels are high
calcitonin
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replacement of hylaline cartilage by bone (most bones)
endochondral
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* Basic functional unit = trabeculae (multiple direction stress)
* Open network; nutrients received through diffusion
spongy bone
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•Basic functional unit = osteon (single direction stress)
–2 parts:
1. Central canal – carries the central vein and artery
2. Concentric lamellae – ring structures
compact bone
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1.mature bone cells (most bone cells); maintain protein and mineral structure of matrix
osteocyes
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1.bone forming cells (osteogenesis); become osteocytes once surrounded by bone matrix
osteoblasts
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1.stem cells that differrentiate into osteoblasts; important in fracture repair
osteoprogenitor
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1.secrete acids and enzymes to release stored minerals; important for calcium and phosphate homeostasis
osteoclasts
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carry blood to the entire bone
nutrient artery (red)/ vein (blue)
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carry bloood to metaphysis and epiphysis
metaphyseal artery
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epiphysis that comes into contact with other bones; avascular
articular cartilage
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covering of bone, extensive blood vessles, lymphatic vessles, and sensory nerves
periosteum
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1.protection for underlying tissues; skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae (shoulder blades)
flat bones
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hold bones together; between flat bones
sutural bones
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1.long and slender; arms, fingers, legs, toes
long bones
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1.complex shapes; vertebrae, pelvis, skull
irregular bones
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1.small, flat, form in tendons; knees, hands, feet
sesamoid bones
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1.small, boxy; wrist, ankles
short bones
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* where two bones meet
* Reflects a compromise between strength and movement (= range of motion)
* Categorized by ROM and anatomical structure
articulations
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1.no movement
•Bony edges interlock; extremely strong
artiulations: synarthrosis
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1.little movement
•Bones connected with collagen fibers or cartilage; not as strong as synarthrosis, but stronger than diarthrosis
articulations: amphiarthrosis
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1.full movement
•Bones connected by complex network of fluid, cartilage, and accessory structures; weakest joint type
articulations: diarthrosis
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FIBROUS:
bones of the skull
binds teeth to socket
SYNARTHROSIS
Suture
Gomphosis
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CARTILAGINOUS
rigid bridge between 2 bones
SYNARTHROSIS
Synchondrosis
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BONY FUSION
rigid, immovable joint formed by bone fusion where the boundary disappears
SYNARTHROSIS
Snynostosis
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FIBROUS
bones connected by a ligament
AMPHIARTHROSIS
Syndesmosis
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CARTILAGINOUS
bones seperated by a wedge or pad of cartilage
AMPHIARTHROSIS
Symphysis
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complex network of bone, cartilage, fluid, and accessory structures
## Footnote
* Bones do not come into contact with each other; separated by cartilage and synovial fluid
* Synovial fluid
1. Provides lubrication
2. Cushions shock
3. Prevents abrasion
4. Supports the chondrocytes of the articular cartilage/nutrient distribution
DIARTHROSIS
Synovial
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–synovial fluid-filled pouch that reduce friction and absorb shock
bursa
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–adipose tissue that acts as packing material
fat pad
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–fibrous cartilage between joint bones that aid in channeling fluid, subdivision, and shape changes
meniscus
60
outside joint cavity
extracapsular ligament
61
inside joint cavity
intracapsular ligament
62
•forcing of the articulating surfaces out of position
–Can damage articular cartilages
–Tear ligaments
–Distort joint capsule
dislocation (luxation)
63
•6 Types
1.Gliding
–Ex. Sternoclavicular, Intercarpal/intertarsal, Vertebrocostal, Sacro-iliac joints
2.Hinge
–Ex. Elbow, Knee, Ankle, Interphalangeal
3.Pivot
–Ex. Atlas/Axis, Proximal radio-ulnar
4.Ellipsoid
–Ex. Radiocarpal, Metacarpophalangeal (2-5), Metatarsophalangeal
5.Saddle
–Ex. Carpometacarpal (1)
6.Ball-and-Socket
–Ex. Shoulder, Hip
6 types of synovial joints
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4 basic types of movement
1. Flexion and Extension
2. Abduction and Adduction
3. Rotation
4. Special movements
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reduce angle between joints
flexion
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increase angle between joints
extension
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1.vertebral column bends from side to side
lateral flexion
68
ankle angle decreases (toes pointing up)
dorisiflexion
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ankle angle increases (toes pointing down)
plantar flexion
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1.extension past the anatomical position
hyperextension
71
* Appendicular skeleton only
* Movement is away or toward the center of the body
abduction and adduction
72
away from the body center
abduction
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toward the body center
adduction
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•turning directionally
left/right rotation
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•the top of a limb turns toward the body center
medial rotation
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top of a limb turns away from the body center
supination of radius in forearm
lateral rotation
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•movement of the thumb towards the palm or finger pads
opposition
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movement anteriorly/posteriorly in the horizontal plane
protraction/retraction
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•Twisting of the foot inward/outward
inversion/eversion
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•movement superiorly/inferiorly
depression/elevation
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* Joints between articular processes = gliding diarthroses
* Joints between vertebral bodies = symphyseal amphiarthroses
–Intervertebral discs = pads of fibrous cartilage
axial vertebrae
82
= tough, outer layer of fibrous cartilage that attaches to the vertebral bodies
anulus fibrosus
83
= soft, elastic, gelatinous core that gives resiliency and shock absorbency
nucleus pulposus
84
connects to laminae
ligamentum flavum
85
connects to posterior surfaces of the vertebral bodies
posterior longitudinal ligament
86
connects to spinous processes
interspinous ligament
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interconnects to the tips of the spinous processes from c7 to the sacrum
supraspinous ligament
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connects the anterior surfaces to the vertebral bodies
anterior longitudinal ligament
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1.anulus fibrosis forced into the vertebral canal
vertebral disc injury: slipped disk
90
1.nucleus pulposus forced through the anulus fibrous into the vertebral canal
vertebral disc injury: herniated disc
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1.reduced ossification that leads to thinner, weaker bones through reduced osteoblast activity
vertebral bone injury: osteopenia
92
1.reduced ossification that compromises normal function
vertebral bone injury: osteoporosis
93
•Shoulder (glenohumeral) joint = ball and socket diarthrosis; greatest range of motion of any joint but most prone to injury
appendicular shoulder
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extends the glenoid cavity to deepen the socket
glenoid abrum
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crosses the acetabular notch
transverse acetabular ligament
96
extends the depth of the acetabulum to the deepen the socket
acetabular labrum
97
attaches the fovea capitis
ligamentum teres (ligament of the femoral head)
98
•complex hinge; extremely stable because:
1. Bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock
2. Single, thick articular capsule surrounds the humero-ulnar and the proximal radio-ulnar joints
3. Articular capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments
appendicular elbow
99
stabilizes the lateral surface
radial collateral ligament
100
binds the head of the radius to the ulna
annular ligament
101
stabalizes the medial surface
ulnar collateral ligament
102
•hinge joint; 3 separate articulations (medial to medial condyle, lateral to lateral condyle, patella to patellar surface of the femur)
appendicular knee
103
= reinforces the posterior surface; between the femur and the tibial and fibular heads
popliteal ligaments
104
= between femoral and tibial surfaces by acting as cushions and stabilizers
medial and lateral menisci
105
attach the intercondylar area of the tibia to the femur condyles
anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
106
attach the intercondylar area of the tibia to the femur condyles
posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
107
•pain and stiffness that affects the muscular/skeletal systems
rheumatism
108
•pain and stiffness that affects the muscular/skeletal systems
arthritis
109
1.cumulative effects of wear and tear (usually people over 60 years old)
osteoarthritis
