Flashcards in Chapter 9 - Language and Communication Deck (24)
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Phonology
Sound patterns of language
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Semantics
Meanings of word or signs
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Grammar
Systems of rules for combining words or signs
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Pragmatics
Using language for particular purposes in specific social contexts
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Intermodal preferential looking procedure (IPLP)
A research method in which infants are shown two side-by-side videos and hear a word or linguistic stimulus that matches one fo the displays. Infants who understand the linguistic stimulus look longer at the matching video than the non matching video
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Infant-directed (ID) speech
Modifications that adults make when speaking to infants, producing language that is shorter, more repetitive, higher-pitched, more variable in pitch, and less semantically and grammatically complex than language addressed to adults
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Phonemes
Linguistically meaningful phonetic categories that signal differences in words through combinations of vowels and consonants
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Phonetics
A set of vowels and consonants that a particular language uses
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Perceptual magnet effect
A phenomenon in which acoustic space is altered as a result of increasing sensitivity to native language phonemes and declining sensitivity to nonnative language phonemes
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Constrained statistical learning
The ability to extract recurring patterns from repeated experience with stimuli
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Syllables
Combinations of consonants and vowels such as baba and mama
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Babbling
Patterned but meaningless sequences of reduplicated sounds, such as strings of syllables
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Holophrase
Infants' first one-word utterances that name objects but also communicates other meanings
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Overextension
A common error in which children use a word to refer to other object that may be perceptually or functionally similar to the word's correct referent.
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Underextention
An error in which children apply a word only to a specific instance or fail to use it to refer to other referents for which he word would be correct
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Referential cues
Verbal and nonverbal behaviours, such as gaze, facial expression, and head orientation, that reflect an individual's attentional focus, intentions, or expectations
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Whole object assumption
A constraint on learning that guides children to assume that new words refer to whole objects rather than actions, spatial location, or parts or features of an object
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Taxonomic assumption
A constraint on learning that guides children to assume that new words should be extended top objects within the same category rather than thematic associates
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Mutual exclusivity assumption
A constraint on learning that guides children to assume that objects will have only one name and to look for a nameless object when they hear a new word
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Lexical contrast
The ability to learn a new word's meaning by comparing it to words that are already known
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Emergentist coalition model (ECM)
A theory about early learning that describes children shifting at approximately 12 months of age from a reliance on attentional cues such as perceptual saliency and temporal continuity to a greater dependency on social and linguistic cues, such as eye gaze, social context, and grammar
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Telegraphic speech
Early two-word and multiword utterances that sound like telegrams because they lack grammatical markers and extra words, such as articles, plural endings, prepositions, and auxiliary verbs
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Overregularization
An error in which children apply grammatical morphemes to words for which a language makes an exception to the rule
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