Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psych 202 > Chapter 9: Language and Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 9: Language and Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

language

A

a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and that convey meaning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

grammar

A

a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meanful messages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest unit of sound that are recognizable as speech rather than random noise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

phonological rules

A

indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest meaningful units of language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

morphological rules

A

indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

content morphemes

A

refers to things and events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

function morphemes

A

serve grammatical functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

syntactic rules

A

indicate how words can be combined to form phrases and sentense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

fast mapping

A

the process whereby children map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

telegraphic speech

A

sentences that are devoid of function morphemes and consist mostly of content words

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

nativist theory

A

language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

universal grammar

A

a collection of processes that facilitate language learnig

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

genetic dysphasia

A

a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Broca’s area

A

located in left frontal lobe; involved with production of sequential patterns in vocal and sign languages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

located in the left temporal lobe; involved in language comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

aphasia

A

difficulty in producing or comprehending language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

prototype theory

A

an example that embodies the most common and typical features of the concept

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

exemplar theory

A

comparing examples of members from that category to decide if it belongs in the category

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

category specific deficit

A

an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category, although the ability to recognize objects outside the category is undisturbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

rational choice theory

A

We make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the value of the outcome, and then multiplying the two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

availability bias

A

Items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

conjunction fallacy

A

people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

framing effects

A

a bias whereby people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
sunk-cost fallacy
people make decisions about a current situation on the basis of what they have previously invested in the situation
26
optimism bias
People believe that compared with other individuals, they are more likely to experience positive events and less likely to experience negative events in the future
27
prospect theory
people are more willing to take risks to avoid losses than to achieve gains
28
intelligence
the ability to use one’s mind to solve problems and learn from experience
29
intelligence deviation quotient (IQ)
a statistic obtained by dividing an adult’s test score by the average adult’s test score and then multiplying the quotient by 100
30
two-factor theory of intelligence (and who proposed it)
proposed that general intelligence (g) underlies all mental abilities - Charles Spearman
31
Crystallized intelligence
the ability to apply knowledge that was acquired through experience
32
Fluid intelligence
the ability to solve and reason about novel problems
33
emotional intelligence
the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning
34
artificial/formal concepts
concepts that have a formal set of properties/defintions
35
natural concepts
concepts that do not have well defined categories
36
inductive
from specific to general
37
deductive
from general to specific
38
what are the types of problem solving?
trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, insight
39
heuristics (and what are the types of heuristics)
mental shortcuts or rules of thumb - analogies
40
insight
a solution that comes out of the blue
41
functional fixedness
the failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems
42
mental set
we get into a mental rut in our approach to problem solving, continuing to use the same old method even though another approach might be better
43
Belief perseverance
when confronted with information that contradicts our beliefs, we cling onto our discredited beliefs
44
illusionary truth effect
repeated exposure to a statement increases the likelihood that it will be accepted as a true statement
45
representativeness heuristic
the tendency to assume that if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably member of the category itself
46
anchoring effects
the tendency to use one stimulus as an anchor or reference point in judging a second stimulus
47
entity theorist
people who believe that intelligence is fixed
48
incremental theorist
people who believe that intelligence is variable
49
splitters
people who divide intelligence
50
lumpers
people who view different aspects of intelligence as part of a general underlying capacity
51
types of g (and who proposed it)
fluid and crystallized - Raymond Cattell (lumper)
52
used factor analysis
correlated analysis
53
multifactor theory (and who was it proposed by)
There are seven factors of intelligence - Lois Thurstone (splitter)
54
frames of mind (and who proposed it)
there are multiple intelligences, each linked to a separate and independent system in the brain - Howard Gardner
55
what is g and s?
general intelligence and specific intelligence
56
triarchic theory (and who proposed it)
three kinds of human intelligence: componential/analytic, experimental/create, and contextual/practical - Robert Sternberg
57
mental age (and who created it)
assess children's intelligence on their mental age - Binet
58
intelligence ratio quotient (and who created it)
mental age/chronological age * 100 - William Stern
59
Wechsler Intelligence scales
a test with 5 scores for the different types of intelligence
60
how are tests constructed and evaluated?
validity, reliability, standardization
61
validity
the extent to which a given test accesses what it is supposed to measure
62
reliability
the dependability or consistency of a measurement instrument
63
standardization
ensures that the conditions for taking the test are the same for all test-takers
64
The Heredity-Environment Controversy
to what extent is intelligence is determined by nature and nurture
65
Stereotype Threat
how cultural stereotypes affect performance
66
concept
a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events, or other stimuli
67
primary mental abilities
stable and independent mental abilities
68
Flynn effect
average IQ is higher today than a century ago
69
when do children learn their first words?
10 to 12 months
70
when do children begin to speak in telegraphic speech?
24 months
71
In our twenties and thirties, what happens to our crystallized and fluid intelligence?
crystallized intelligence increases and fluid intelligence decreases
72
contextual intelligence
the ability to quickly recognize what factors influence success on various tasks and is adept at both adapting to and shaping the environment - street smart
73
componential intelligence
book smart, analytical intelligence
74
experiential intelligence
creative intelligence
75
During your lifetime, your ________ stays relatively stable, whereas your ________ typically changes
relative intelligence; absolute intelligence
76
cognition
all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
77
Generally speaking, humans excel on cognitive tasks that involve _____ but perform poorly on cognitive tasks that involve _____
frequency; probability
78
hierarchy of how nature and nurture play a role in intelligence
1. identical twins raised together 2. identical twins raised apart 3. fraternal twins raised together
79
when does babbling start in children?
4 months of age
80
what is a subtype of implicit memory?
procedural memory

Psych 202 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions